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E-COMMERCE, BUSINESS TO BUSINESS (B2B); MOBILE COMMERCE
Typology: Summaries
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E-commerce is the conducting of business activities electronically over networks. Business-to- business (B2B) e-commerce allows manufacturers to buy at a low cost worldwide, and it offers enterprises the chance to sell to a global market. B2B e-commerce is currently the largest type of e-commerce. Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce enables organizations to sell directly to consumers, eliminating intermediaries. In many cases, this squeezes costs and inefficiencies out of the supply chain and can lead to higher profits and lower prices for consumers. Consumerto-consumer (C2C) e-commerce involves consumers selling directly to other consumers. Online auctions are the chief method by which C2C e-commerce is currently conducted. e-Government involves the use of information and communications technology to simplify the sharing of information, speed formerly paper-based processes, and improve the relationship between citizens and government. A successful e-commerce system must address the many stages consumers experience in the sales life cycle. At the heart of any e-commerce system is the ability of the user to search for and identify items for sale; select those items; negotiate prices, terms of payment, and delivery date; send an order to the vendor to purchase the items; pay for the product or service; obtain product delivery; and receive aftersales support. Looking at things from the perspective of the provider of goods and/or services, an effective e-commerce system must be able to support the activities associated with supply chain management and customer relationship management. A firm must overcome three key challenges to convert its business processes from the traditional form to e-commerce processes: 1) it must define an effective e-commerce model and strategy, 2) it must deal effectively with consumer privacy concerns, and 3) it must successfully overcome consumers’ lack of trust. Mobile commerce is the use of wireless devices such as PDAs, cell phones, and smartphones to facilitate the sale of goods or services—anytime, anywhere. The market for m-commerce in North America is expected to mature much later than in Western Europe and Japan. Numerous retailers have established special Web sites for users of mobile devices.
Electronic retailing (e-tailing) is the direct sale from a business to consumers through electronic storefronts designed around an electronic catalog and shopping cart model. A cybermall is a single Web site that offers many products and services at one Internet location. Manufacturers are joining electronic exchanges, where they can work with competitors and suppliers to use computers and Web sites to buy and sell goods, trade market information, and run back-office operations such as inventory control. They are also using e-commerce to improve the efficiency of the selling process by moving customer queries about product availability and prices online. The Web allows firms to gather much more information about customer behavior and preferences than they could using other marketing approaches. This new technology has greatly enhanced the practice of market segmentation and enabled companies to establish closer relationships with their customers. Technology relationship management enables an organization to gain detailed information about a customer’s behavior, preferences, needs, and buying patterns to allow companies to set prices, negotiate terms, tailor promotions, add product features, and otherwise customize a relationship with a customer. The Internet has revolutionized the world of investment and finance, especially online stock trading and online banking. The Internet has also created many options for electronic auctions, where geographically dispersed buyers and sellers can come together. Online real estate services and e-boutiques are readily available. The numerous m-commerce applications include mobile banking, mobile price comparison, mobile advertising and mobile coupons.
Businesses and people use e-commerce and m-commerce to reduce transaction costs, speed the flow of goods and information, improve the level of customer service, and enable the close coordination of actions among manufacturers, suppliers, and customers. E-commerce and m-commerce also enable consumers and companies to gain access to worldwide markets. They offer great promise for developing countries, enabling them to enter the prosperous global marketplace, and hence helping to reduce the gap between rich and poor countries. Since e-commerce and m-commerce are global systems, they face cultural; language;