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Where sperm meets the
egg
The outer third of the fallopian tube
TERM 2
Identification of fetus' sex
DEFINITION 2
Traditionally identified after first trimester through
amniocentesis or ultrasound
Detecting sex of embryo through blood test
TERM 3
Infertility/Sterility
DEFINITION 3
Failure to conceive after one year of unprotected sex
Sterility : complete inability to conceive
More than 6 million couples in U.S. have problems getting
pregnant
40% of problems in male, 40% in female, 20% in both
TERM 4
Male infertility
DEFINITION 4 Male fecundity/fertility depends on size, shape, and mobility of ejaculated sperm Many factors can cause male infertility Structural abnormalities : undescended testes, varicocele, infections, antibodies against sperm Environmental factors and diet : radiation, pollutant, chemicals, insecticides, beef and soy Behavioral practices : stress, extreme physical exercise, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, steroids Advanced age TERM 5
Female infertility
DEFINITION 5 Irregular ovulation : Hormonal imbalances, stress, and chronic disease Structural problems : Abnormally shaped uterus, uterine growths, and obstruction of fallopian tubes Advanced age : more women are waiting longer to get pregnant Other causes: cigarettes, weight, sperm antibodies, birth date
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
(ART)
Artificial insemination In vitro fertilization Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Surrogate mothers Complications of ART: increased risk of preeclampsia, birth- defects, placental abnormalities, and Cesarean sections Those who are more likely to use ART may be more prone to genetic or other abnormalities TERM 7
Artificial insemination
DEFINITION 7
Sperm, from partner or donor, is inserted into woman's
vagina or uterus
Most effective when sperm is "washed" and concentrated,
and put directly into uterus
Sperm washing : a procedure in which sperm cells are
separated from semen
Sperm banks
TERM 8
In vitro fertilization
(IVF)
DEFINITION 8 Joining of egg and sperm outside of body, to be implanted into uterus via a catheter through the cervix 23-40% success rate, depending on age of woman, overall health, smoking, and weight Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) : egg and sperm are individually put into fallopian tube, where they can join (in vivo fertilization) / more invasive, but slightly higher implantation rate Zygotic intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) Major complications: multiple births, low birth-weight babies TERM 9
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
(ICSI)
DEFINITION 9
Most invasive
IVF procedure in which single sperm is injected directly
into an egg for fertilization
Babies may have higher rates of birth defects
TERM 10
Surrogate Mothers
DEFINITION 10
Woman is artificallyinseminated and carries a baby to
term for another woman or couple
Could be male partner's sperm or donor sperm
Have to sign legal documents requiring them to surrender
the newborn
Multiple pregnancies
Increase in multiple pregnancies over time
May be due to use of fertility drugs, implantation of
multiple embryos during IVF, maternal age, and the use of
folic acid prior to conception
Dizygotic twins: each have his own placenta
Monozygotic twins: Share placenta
TERM 17
Embryonic stage
DEFINITION 17 Major organs begin to develop and grow Placenta begins to develop at start of third week Supplies nutrients and oxygen to embryo and fetus; forms a placental barrier Produces amniotic fluid, which nourishes and protects the developing fetus The umbilical cord connects placenta to fetus Amniotic sac : lines the uterus and contains fetus and placenta during development; cushions the baby and provides insulation for temperature TERM 18
Development of the embryo and the fetus
DEFINITION 18 After one month: Neural tube, which will become brain and spinal cord, has begun to form; beginnings of heart, arms and legs Second month: Major organ systems are forming; cartilage of limbs, tongue, eyes, brains, and spinal cord; sexual differentiation begins 9th - 12th week: Most major organs are fully formed and external genitalia begin to develop; heartbeat can be detected TERM 19
Second trimester
DEFINITION 19 Development of fetus: greatly increases in size, physical feature mature, bones develop and harden, fetus begins to kick and move, has sleep-wake cycle, responds to sound, and is covered in vernix , white waxy substance that coats and protects the skin of fetus Changes in mother: most enjoyable time, heart rates increase, blood volume increases by 20%, 50% more air moved out of the lungs; Braxton-Hicks contraction (false labor, uterine contractions) TERM 20
Third trimester
DEFINITION 20 Development of the fetus: 7th month - head and body become more proportionate; lungs are beginning to function; 8th month - baby responds to familiar sounds; 9th month - babies continue to grow, movement is limited, baby turns (get head down) in uterus preparing for birth, more lung development Changes in mother: becomes increasingly uncomfortable, development of linea negra (on outside of stomach), 4-7% of women develop gestational diabetes, which leads to large babies
Miscarriage
Pregnancies that terminates on its own before embryo or fetus can survive outside of womb ("spontaneous abortion"); occurs before 25-26 weeks Most occur during first trimester and are often caused by chromosomal abnormalities Miscarriages during second trimester are usually the result of mother's poor health Stillbirth: death of fetus more than 20 weeks after conception but before birth TERM 22
The causes of birth defects
DEFINITION 22 Genetic abnormalities Teratogens: agents that can cause physical defects in embryo or fetus (drugs, alcohol); fetal alcohol syndrome (damages brain of fetus) Infectious diseases from mother: HIV, herpes, syphilis, and rubella (measles/mumps) Rh incompatibility: 2nd baby doomed if RhoGAM is not taken; fetus develops jaundice due to accumulation of bilirubin; treated with RhoGAM Toxemina: potentially dangerous condition characterized by pre-ecclampsia hypertension, edema, and protein in urine in the mother TERM 23
Fetal Evaluation
DEFINITION 23 Ultrasound: uses high frequency sound waves to provide a picture of the fetus; may identify sex, due date, structural irregularities Amniocentesis: small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn; identifies genetic defects and chromosomal sex Chorionic villus sampling: small portion of chorion is removed; quicker than amniocentesis TERM 24
3 stages of childbirth
DEFINITION 24
Labor
Deliver baby
Deliver placenta
TERM 25
3 stages of labor
DEFINITION 25 Early labor: longest and least intense / early effacement: softening and thinning of cervix, which dilates to about 3 centimeters Active labor: intense and regular contractions that are 5 minutes apart; cervix dilates to 7 cm Transitional labor: shortest but most painful / very strong contractions each lasting 60 to 90 minutes; cervix dilates to 10 cm
Sternber's different types of love
Liking : intimacy
Infatuation : passion
Empty love : commitment
Romantic : intimacy and passion
Companionate : intimacy and commitment
Fatuous : passion and commitment
Consummate : intimacy, passion, and commitment
TERM 32
The brain in love
DEFINITION 32
Love increases activity in areas related to positive
emotions/motivational drives/reward
Love slows down areas related to negative
emotions/fear/aggression/social judgments
Romantic love stimulates hypothalamus
Parental love stimulates periaqueductal gray
TERM 33
Chemical substances of love
DEFINITION 33
Neurotransmitters are released when "in love"
Dopamine (DA), serotonin, norepinephrine (NE),
and Phenylthyamine ("love drug") -- only secreted for
6-24 months
Neurotransmitters get replaced with hormones:
testosterone, oxytocin, vasopressin, endorphins --
more long-term
TERM 34
Ainsworth's three types of attachment styles
in infants
DEFINITION 34 Secure attachment : infants show some distress upon caregiver's departure, and are comforted by his or her return / as an adult find it easy to get close to people and don't overly worry about emotional intimacy or about being abandoned Anxious-ambivalent attachment : Infants show sadness or distress upon caregiver's departure and anger or ambivalence upon return / as an adult, is more insecure in relationships Avoidant attachment : infants show little to no distress upon caregiver's departure and little to no response upon return / find it most difficult to be in a relationship TERM 35
Unrequited Love
DEFINITION 35
Love that is not reciprocated
Associated with negative emotions; when looking back,
most remember positive emotions
Can become obsessive relational intrusion ; similar to
stalking
Five Love Languages
Physical touch
Giving / Receiving gifts
Words of affirmation (hearing)
Acts of service
Quality time together
TERM 37
Evolutionary theory of beauty
DEFINITION 37
Universal ideals of beauty are related to attributes that
will impart greatest reproductive advantage
Female beauty correlated with youth and fertility
Male attractiveness is related to dominance,
assertiveness, or leadership
TERM 38
Weight in beauty
DEFINITION 38
Body mass index (BMI): measure of a person's weight in
relation to his or her height
Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR): may be more important to men
than BMI
Estrogen decreases WHR, testosterone increases WHR
Weight may be central determinant of woman's
assessment of her attractiveness
TERM 39
Pheromones in beauty
DEFINITION 39 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes , called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Series of genes that play an important role in the immune system, by coding for proteins that differentiate self from non- self No individual carries complete set; advantageous to pick partner with different HLA genes Influences body odor and body odor perception; body odor preferences TERM 40
Gender differences in communication
DEFINITION 40 Men: Tend to use language to inform, negotiate, or gain status; less likely to ask for advice or admit insecurities; listen for "bottom line" Women: Tend to use language to connect and create rapport with others; listen for details to fill big picture; ask more questions and are more likely to self-disclose emotional information
