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EAPS Final Exam!
In which direction would longshore drift of sediment occur along this coastline? - ✔ ✔ Bottom left of the photo
Ionic bonding occurs when ______? Please fill in the blank with the best answer choice. - ✔ ✔ Atoms lose or gain
valence electrons to make positively or negatively charged ions that can then bond
It is trivial to remove large quantities of CO2 from the atmosphere and geologically sequester it. - ✔ ✔ False
A city that is adjacent to a warm ocean current will have ______ mean yearly temperature than a city at the same latitude that is adjacent to a cold ocean current. - ✔ ✔
a higher
Geologists think that hotspots form over what type of feature? - ✔ ✔ a 'plume' of hot material that has risen
from deep within the Earth, potentially from the boundary between the Earth's mantle and core
Headlands are areas where land projects into the ocean. Do these areas concentrate wave energy and erosion due to wave refraction? - ✔ ✔ Yes
Heating a magma will ________ crystallization and solidification into a rock. Please fill in the blank with the best answer choice. - ✔ ✔ Inhibit
Heating a package of air will cause its density to ________. - ✔ ✔ decrease
Heating the Earth's troposphere from below leads to a convective instability because hot, ________ air forms near the
A cooling magma begins to grow crystals. We can say that this magma is ________ the crystallizing mineral. Please fill in the blank with the best answer choice below. - ✔ ✔
Saturated with respect to
Why would artificially creating clouds in the troposphere or injecting aerosols into the stratosphere potentially work to cool our planet? - ✔ ✔ Both options would increase the
planetary albedo
Will air near the surface of the Earth tend to rise during conditions of absolute atmospheric stability? - ✔ ✔ no
About 50% of the solar radiation that enters the Earth's atmosphere is __________. - ✔ ✔ Absorbed by Earth's
surface
_______ is a rock formed from solidification of magma that forms during partial melting of the Earth's mantle? Please fill in the blank with the best answer choice. - ✔ ✔ Basalt
_________ gas(es) absorb infrared radiation emitted from Earth's surface and help heat the Earth's troposphere from below. - ✔ ✔ Greenhouse
Air moving across the surface of the Earth from middle latitudes toward the equator will always be deflected to the _______ by the Coriolis effect. - ✔ ✔ west
Alfred Wegener proposed that the continents had once been joined into a super continent and then drifted apart. Which of the following was a line of evidence that he used to make this proposal? - ✔ ✔ The coastlines of continents look like
they fit together in the past, Fossils of certain species seem to form continuous habitat zones if continents were once joined, Locations where there is evidence for tropical or glacial environments could be restored to low and high latitudes, respectively, if the continents were once joined together and had drifted apart
Alfred Wegener's proposal for continental drift was rejected during his own lifetime (b. 1880, d. 1930) for which of the following reasons? - ✔ ✔ He did not have a explanation
for how the continents had moved
As ocean waves approach the shore, the bottom of the wave ________ due to friction with the seafloor. - ✔ ✔ slows
down
Would you expect a city adjacent to the ocean or a city in the interior of a continent to have larger fluctuations in temperature throughout the year? - ✔ ✔ The city in
the continental interior
Would you expect rocky planets to form closer to or further from a protostar during solar system formation? - ✔ ✔
Closer to
You observe the sequence of sedimentary rocks in the above photograph. Using the principle of original horizontality, what can you infer about the history of this location? - ✔ ✔
The sedimentary rocks have been rotated from their original orientation.
You observe the volcanic eruption above. Based on the shape of the mountain and the eruptive style, what tectonic setting are you in? - ✔ ✔ Close to a subduction zone
As the Earth warms and major continental ice sheets (Greenland, Antarctica) melt, the sea level will rise. Current projections indicate 0.3-1.2 meters of sea level rise before the year 2100. Why is this concerning? - ✔ ✔ Rising
sea levels could displace large numbers of people, a significant proportion of Earth's population lives close to sea level, the land in coastal areas will lose significant value as it becomes unsustainable to live there
At low latitudes the ocean is stratified with respect to temperature such that shallow water is ____ and deep water is ____. - ✔ ✔ warm; cold
Both mass extinctions discussed in class happened very quickly (geologically speaking, <100,000 years). - ✔ ✔
True
Broad, flat areas of the seafloor adjacent to mid-ocean ridges are called ____________ and reflect subsidence of oceanic crust as it moves away from the mid ocean ridge, cools, and becomes more dense. - ✔ ✔ abyssal plains
use to distinguish them? - ✔ ✔ Clastic rocks are
typically composed of rounded clasts
CO2 is a greenhouse gas and absorbs infrared (heat) radiation that is released from the Earth's surface. Higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2 can, consequently, be expected to lead to more infrared radiation absorbed in the Earth's atmosphere and a higher mean global atmospheric temperature. - ✔ ✔ true
Coal is a sedimentary rock composed of organic matter and frequently contains plant fossils. Which of the following statements can we infer to be true about the depositional environment in which coal formed? - ✔ ✔ Coal was
originally deposited in a biologically productive terrestrial ecosystem.
Coal is composed of fossil organic matter and is used as fuel for many of the power plants in the USA. From which organisms did this organic matter originate? - ✔ ✔
Plants
Coastlines are dynamic areas and this constant change should be considered when developing coastal areas for human use. - ✔ ✔ True
Continental collisions lead to the development of what type of topographic feature at the surface of the Earth? - ✔ ✔
A major mountain range
Diamonds are made from carbon with an isotopic signature that is consistent with an origin as ancient life-forms. What process could have brought organic carbon deep into Earth's interior to provide the carbon needed to create diamonds? - ✔ ✔ Subduction
Do volcanoes that dominantly erupt basaltic magma tend to pose an acute threat to human life? - ✔ ✔ No, people
can typically get out of the way of lava flows. However, infrastructure might be damaged.
Earth's climate has been fairly stable for much of the planets history (certainly for the last 500 million years). Does this
and tropical climates that have which of the following properties? - ✔ ✔ lots of rain
Hot air tends to form in the equatorial and tropical regions because these latitudes receive the most solar radiation. We might expect convection cells to form in which hot, low density air rises from the Earth's surface to the upper troposphere near the equator and cold, high density air sinks from the upper troposphere to the Earth's surface in the polar regions. However, the Earth has a more complex convective system that includes three convective cells on either side of the equator. Why? - ✔ ✔ the planet
rotates
Hotspot volcanism typically makes linear chains of volcanoes that get progressively younger in one direction. What would best describe the orientation of these features? - ✔ ✔
The chain of volcanoes lies parallel to the direction of motion for the tectonic plate on which they are built
How would you characterize this volcano based on its shape and eruptive style? - ✔ ✔ A composite volcano
Humans try to stabilize coastlines using a variety of methods. One method is to build breakwaters. What is an inevitable consequence of the construction of breakwaters? - ✔ ✔
The deposition of sediment in calmer waters behind the breakwater and concentration of wave energy and erosion at the breakwater
Hurricanes are very large, rotating storms that form in areas of extreme _____ atmospheric pressure. - ✔ ✔
low
If you are at the beach, feel a major earthquake, and the ocean rapidly recedes as if it is entering a low tide, what should you do? - ✔ ✔ Seek high ground
If you see a sequence of sedimentary rocks that changes from bottom to top: 1) conglomerate, 2) sandstone, and 3) limestone containing marine fossils, what is a plausible
to minimize their gravitational potential energy. Please fill in the blank with the best answer choice. - ✔ ✔ flow
downhill
Locations where tectonic plates slide past one another along a vertical plane are known as what type of plate boundary? - ✔ ✔ Transform Boundary
Low pressure systems form where air is ___________. - ✔
✔ rising
Mid ocean ridges are underwater mountain ranges, where new oceanic crust is produced. If you were to dredge pieces of rock from a modern mid-ocean ridge, which of the rocks below would be most likely? - ✔ ✔ Pillow basalt
Minerals do not have _________? - ✔ ✔ Randomly
arranged atoms
Nevertheless, tsunamis still claim many lives despite the fact that some areas can receive hours of warning. What are some of the factors that lead to our limited ability to save
lives during a tsunami event? - ✔ ✔ the suddenness in
the speed that a tsunami starts, the inability to distribute warning information to an entire area's population, and the lack of infrastructure that allows for quick evacuations of thousands of individuals.
Ocean tides are generated because of gravitational attraction of the ocean to the moon and the sun. In what situation would the largest tidal range (i.e., highest high tide and lowest low tide) occur? - ✔ ✔ When the gravitational pull of the
sun and moon are aligned
Ocean waves can be generated by all of the following processes except which one? - ✔ ✔ heating sea water
through absorption of solar radiation
Positive feedback loops will ________ in a system. - ✔ ✔
amplify change
Referring to the Drake Equation, how would the discovery of ancient (or modern) life on Mars change how unique life is throughout the universe? - ✔ ✔ Knowing that there
to warm water currents will be warmer than they otherwise would.
Sinking cold are near the poles creates a persistent _____ pressure system that leads to limited precipitation in these areas. - ✔ ✔ high
The above image shows all of the different tectonic plates (the boundaries are shown by dark blue and brown lines). Which location is least likely to experience a major earthquake? Note: I'm not asking whether a location has 0% chance of an earthquake, only the location that is least likely to have an earthquake. - ✔ ✔ A
The above limestone contains fossil shells from marine organisms. What is not a reasonable inference about the environment in which this sedimentary rock was originally deposited? - ✔ ✔ It was originally deposited high in the
mountains.
The above photograph shows a mountain composed of sedimentary rock. The principle of lateral continuity allows
you to assume that a single layer represents ________ as you trace it across the photograph. - ✔ ✔ approximately
the same period of time
The above photograph shows a vertical magmatic dike cutting across horizontal sedimentary layers. Which of the labeled rocks is the youngest based on the principle's of superposition and cross cutting relationships? - ✔ ✔ D
The above photograph was taken by the Curiosity Rover on Mars. They appear to be layered and flat lying. Fossil mud cracks were photographed within these rocks. What type of rocks are they? - ✔ ✔ Sedimentary
The duration of a typical human life is ~100 years. Which of the following planetary climate variables could significantly change on this timescale? - ✔ ✔ melting of ice
The Earth's mantle is composed of a rock called peridotite. It can begin melting through which of the following processes?
- ✔ ✔ Decreasing pressure, while keeping temperature
constant
