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EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION ACTUAL EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/
EXAM LATEST 2025- 2026 (BRAND NEW!!)
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational What was Piaget's theory? cognitive development Piaget's sensorimotor stage
- birth to 2 years
- Learn through senses, motor activities, and feedback they receive through senses by their bodies and environment Give an example of an action that would occur in the sensorimotor stage Kid sees objects, reaches for it, tries to grasp it Kid kicks their leg, they see it move, they try to grab their leg Kid learns to throw object from their crib that their parents will pick it back up What are the first three substages of the sensorimotor stage? Birth- 1 month: comprehending the environment from inborn reflexes ex. sucking/looking
2nd substage: Primary Circular Reactions. 1-4 months: coordinate physical sensations with schemas. ex. things to suck on/get pleasure 3rd substage: Secondary Circular Reactions @ 4-8 months the kids repeat rewarding actions but they focus on effecting the environment rather than themselves. ex. sucks on objects other than thumb What are the last 3 substages of the sensorimotor stage? Coordination of Reactions: 8-12 months. kids explore surroundings and imitate observed behavior. object permanence. associate objects with their properties Tertiary Circular Reactions: 12-18months. Trial and error ex. different sounds to get parents attention Early Representational Thought: 18-24 months. Children represent objects and events with symbols and understand the world not just by actions but through mental operations What is object permanence? (Piaget) the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed What is the average age when children begin to understand object permanence? 8 - 9 months What actions shows that children understand object permanence? Searching for an object after it is hidden or enjoying hide and seek/peek a boo What is a schema?
What is conservation? Understanding that objects keep their number or amount even if the appearance or configuration is changed At what age do children understand conservation? Age 5 according to piaget Piaget's Preoperational Stage Age 2- 6 Cannot perform mental operations Pretend play use objects to represent other things thinking is intuitive not logical egocentric Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage Age 6- 7 Developing concrete operations Thinking logically Abstract thoughts are still hard Can understand cause/effect Can physically manipulate objects
Understands conservation Understands reversibility Define reversibility the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed Why do older kids understand the conservation of what experiment? Logic and reversibility "i saw you pour the same amount of water into 2 different containers What is animism and magical thinking? Animism is assigning human traits to inanimate objects ex. sun hates me so it burned me Magical thinking is attributing cause and effect between a child's feeling and the world of events around them ex. kid said i hate you to a friend. the friend had a bad day so kid thinks it was their fault According to an Austrian and German art scholar, what are the 6 stages of art development?
- Scribble (2-4)
- Preschematic (4-6) visual schema, no dimensions, size=importance
- Schematic (7-9) Reflect actual proportions and colors
- Dawning realism (9-11) Representational
"What happened why you did this?" What would happen if you did this?" This gets kids thinking about their thinking and actions that occurred previously What types of questions help students see other's points of view? Explain other thoughts or ask how you think it made someone else feel. This reduces their egocentrism By age 2 what percent of brain size is developed in children 55% By what age is the brain 90% of its full size 6 At what age does the majority of brain growth occur 4 - 4. At what age does brain growth slow 5 - 6 At what age do kids have a brain growth spurt 2
Name differences between boy and girl motor development in preschool Boys
- Bigger muscles
- Faster runners
- Climbing/jumping
- Better at large muscle gross motor activities
- Strength Girls
- Less muscles
- More mature physically
- Better at small muscle/fine motor tasks. ex. using scissors, buttoning
- better coordination Overall, are boys and girls motor development more different than similar or more similar than differnent more similar than different What is nature vs. nurture? Genetic vs. environment producing traits or behaviors Both are important to the health of a child For body to grow they need healthy genes and environment
What are the two main learning styles? Visual Haptic/tactile/kinesthetic How does basic temperament types effect self-concept? Easy- can handle harder situations, push themselves through hard times Difficult- does not react to adversity well, very hard on themselves Sigmund Freud's Theory psychoanalytic theory of personality development What is Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development? Psychosexual focused on erotic energy If kids are successful at each stage they are good, if not they develop a fixation What are the stages of Freud's theory Oral Anal Phallic Latency
Genital Freud's Oral Stage 0 - 18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing If nursing is not met, oral fixation results Freud's Anal Stage (18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Toilet training. If parental control is ignored the kid becomes very tidy and anal about cleanliness If child expels feces they become sloppy and defiant Success=healthy development Freud's Phallic Stage (3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings Says young boys desire their mothers and feel resentment towards their fathers. They handle emotions with identification with the regressor (4-5) to be more like daddy Fixation leads to confusion/weak sexual identity What was the electra conflict? Connected to Freud's phallic stage but for girls/ Freud rejected this
What is the superego Conscience and sense of morality What are the differences between Freud and Erikson's theories? Erikson's was based on Freud's Freud=psychosexual, 5 stages and stops through puberty Erikson= Psychosocial, lifelong through 9 stages Both touch on early parent/child relationship What is Erikson's theory? psychosocial theory of human development What are the stages of Erikson's psychosocial theory?
- Basic trust/mistrust
- Autonomy/shame/self-doubt
- Initiative/guilt 4.Industry/inferiority Erikson's basic trust vs. mistrust and which stage is it
Birth- 18 months
If basic needs are being met then the child develops trust Positive outcomes = hope and drive Negative outcomes = withdrawal and sensory distortion If need aren't met = mistrust Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. What stage number is this?
18 months- 3 years Muscular control Moral senses Sense of autonomy = being able to do tasks realistic for them (fail, try again, master) Pos. Will/self-control Neg. impulse/compulsion Bad parenting or over the top parents result in shame and self doubt Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they question their abilities Freud's perspective on sexual/gender identification Gender identity develops though differentiation and affiliation observe others traits and behaviors and go with where they seem commonalities in themselves ex. Phallic stages for boys identifying with their fathers Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt and what stage number is this?
What is behaviorism? based on rewards an punishment What theory is social learning theory based on and why? Behaviorism because this theory explains that behaviors are repeated and learned socially through the use of rewards and punishments How does the social learning theory explain gender identity? Kids see how those of different genders interact socially and they see how their behaviors are rewarded or punished, therefore, this helps form a child's gender identity Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory of Moral Development Children actively construct knowledge of gender in same way they construct other knowledge about the world They put gender into a schema/category (moral development) At what age to children develop their sense of gender identity 2 Why does the concept of gender identity tend to remain the same despite social contexts?
Because social norms and their perception of having to chose a category either boy or girl prevents them from making a change. How can we support students when they are in the different phases of Freud's psychosexual theory? Oral stage- realize they are exploring the world with their mouth to don't punish them for that but prepare to keep unsafe things away from their mouths Anal phase- don't punish for bladder and bowel control and realize they are trying to control impulses so they might be stubborn How can we support students through phallic phase? Realize this is when they are playing with genitals and curious about others. Unless excessive don't interfere. What shift in relationships occur at the latency stage? From parents to friends, teachers and other adults How can we help children in the sensorimotor stage of development? Provide plenty of objects to manipulate ex. rattles, toys, balls, etc Don't punish for throwing objects from cribs or high chairs because they are learning Define centrate and which stage is this seen in and why?
Humans thrive by obtaining their needs Their is a hierarchy of needs if the base needs aren't met then the preceding needs won't be either What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
- Physiological needs: air, water, sleep, food for survival
- Safety and Security needs: house, shelter, safe environment
- Love and Belonging Needs: affection, love, belonging
- Self esteem: feeling personal value, accomplishment
- self actualization: achieving personal growth and realizing potential For Maslow's hierarchy can one reach their full potential if they don't have their security needs met? No, prequistie stages must be met in order to reach self-actualizing needs Carl Rodger's Theory Organismic valuing, conditions of worth, real self vs ideal self, incongruence What is organismic valuing and what does it lead to? natural tendency to value what is healthy tendency to make best of life leads to positive regard/esteem
What is the real self according to Rodgers? reflecting positive regard and self-esteem through organismic valuing What is Rodgers view of conditions of worth vs organismic valuing? He says we base our conditions of worth on other's thoughts and societies conditions. Children only feel esteemed by others on their conditions. Does Rodgers believe self-worth is based on real self or ideal self ideal self In behaviorism what are contingencies for reinforcement? How does this connect to self-actualization (Rodgers) rewards are given contingent on desired behaviors Kids feel self-worth/esteem if they are given these rewards which were once basic needs (Maslow) for good behavior What are the 2 types of reinforcement and punishment for behaviorism? Postive/negative reinforcement Postive/negative punishment What is positive reinforcement?
