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This comprehensive study guide covers key concepts for ebio 1210 exam 2, focusing on cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and cell structure. it provides detailed explanations, diagrams, and answers to key questions, making it an excellent resource for students to master the material. The guide includes sections on glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fermentation, photosynthesis, and cell organelles, with clear explanations of their functions and interactions.
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Know where in the cell each stage takes place -- Answer โโ - Glycolysis: Cytosol
Know how the proton gradient drives the synthesis of ATP via the protein ATP synthase (the spinning turbine) -- Answer โโ Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP. Understand the roles of active transport and passive transport (facilitated diffusion) across the inner mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation -- Answer โโ - Active transport: movement of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
Membrane-bound organelles Endomembrane system Larger size and more complexity Know main differences between 2) plant and animal cells -- Answer โโ - Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Most basic components & functions are the same In plant cells but not animal cells: Chloroplasts Central vacuole Cell wall Use the presence or absence of certain cell components to predict the kind of organism that cell came from -- Answer โโ - Prokaryotic: Smaller, simpler cells Only single celled organisms Bacteria & archaea
Know organelles listed below and their basic function (example: ribosomes make proteins) (Mitochondria, chloroplasts) -- Answer โโ - Mitochondria: "the powerhouse of the (eukaryotic) cell" Role: Burn energy-rich molecules with O2 to gain lots of ATP energy for cellular work
Absorbs wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not absorb
Close stomata to conserve water when hot Risk of photorespiration C3 plants need less energy since they run only one, not two, cycles Better in cooler, wetter climates Tolerate a broader range of environments