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Cellular Biology Study Guide: EBIO 1210 Exam 2 Review, Exams of Biology

This comprehensive study guide covers key concepts for ebio 1210 exam 2, focusing on cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and cell structure. it provides detailed explanations, diagrams, and answers to key questions, making it an excellent resource for students to master the material. The guide includes sections on glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fermentation, photosynthesis, and cell organelles, with clear explanations of their functions and interactions.

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2024/2025

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EBIO 1210 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Know where in the cell each stage takes place -- Answer โœ”โœ” -Glycolysis: Cytosol
-Pyruvate oxidation: Mitochondrial matrix
-Citric acid cycle: Mitochondrial matrix
-Oxidative phosphorylation: Inner mitochondrial membrane
Understand the fate of the carbons that enter the system as one 6-carbon glucose --
Answer โœ”โœ” Glucose โ†’ pyruvates โ†’ acetyl-CoA โ†’ CO2
-A 6-carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvates
-Pyruvate is needed in order to create acetyl CoA
-The 3-carbon pyruvate molecule made in glycolysis loses a carbon to produce a new, 2-
carbon molecule called acetyl CoA
-The carbon that is removed takes two oxygens from pyruvate with it, and exits the
body as carbon dioxide
-CO2 is the waste product that you release when you exhale
Identify the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and understand the general flow of
electrons through each stage -- Answer โœ”โœ” -Glycolysis: NADH is an output and goes
to the final stage
-Pyruvate oxidation: NADH is an output and goes to the final stage
-Citric acid cycle: NADH and FADH2 are outputs and go to the final stage
-Oxidative phosphorylation: NADH and FADH2 are inputs
Identify the final (terminal) electron acceptor of the mitochondrial electron transport
chain and understand its essential role in aerobic respiration -- Answer โœ”โœ” -Oxygen
-Without oxygen, ATP levels drop quickly, and we die
Understand how the electron transport chain creates a proton gradient -- Answer โœ”โœ” -
Proton pumping
-The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain
is used to synthesize ATP
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EBIO 1210 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

Know where in the cell each stage takes place -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Glycolysis: Cytosol

  • Pyruvate oxidation: Mitochondrial matrix
  • Citric acid cycle: Mitochondrial matrix
  • Oxidative phosphorylation: Inner mitochondrial membrane Understand the fate of the carbons that enter the system as one 6-carbon glucose -- Answer โœ”โœ” Glucose โ†’ pyruvates โ†’ acetyl-CoA โ†’ CO
  • A 6-carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvates
  • Pyruvate is needed in order to create acetyl CoA
  • The 3-carbon pyruvate molecule made in glycolysis loses a carbon to produce a new, 2- carbon molecule called acetyl CoA
  • The carbon that is removed takes two oxygens from pyruvate with it, and exits the body as carbon dioxide
  • CO2 is the waste product that you release when you exhale Identify the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and understand the general flow of electrons through each stage -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Glycolysis: NADH is an output and goes to the final stage
  • Pyruvate oxidation: NADH is an output and goes to the final stage
  • Citric acid cycle: NADH and FADH2 are outputs and go to the final stage
  • Oxidative phosphorylation: NADH and FADH2 are inputs Identify the final (terminal) electron acceptor of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and understand its essential role in aerobic respiration -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Oxygen
  • Without oxygen, ATP levels drop quickly, and we die Understand how the electron transport chain creates a proton gradient -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Proton pumping
  • The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP

Know how the proton gradient drives the synthesis of ATP via the protein ATP synthase (the spinning turbine) -- Answer โœ”โœ” Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP. Understand the roles of active transport and passive transport (facilitated diffusion) across the inner mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Active transport: movement of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

  • Passive transport: the movement of protons through the mitochondrial ATP synthase occur Relative amounts of ATP production in respiration -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Glycolysis = a little ATP
  • Pyruvate oxidation = no ATP
  • Citric acid cycle = a little ATP
  • Oxidative phosphorylation= lots of ATP; most ATP is made here Explain how the uncoupling protein results in in the production of heat instead of ATP in brown fat cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” - It provides a channel across the membrane through which protons (H+) flow back into the matrix
  • Protons don't cross the membrane via ATP synthase โ†’ almost no ATP is made
  • Energy is released as heat Understand how some compounds (e.g. cyanide) act as inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation and why they can be harmful/deadly -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Cyanide: Binds to protein complex IV of the ETC and prevents transfer of electrons from the protein
  • Dinitrophenol: Lethal to humans but sold as an unregulated weight-loss product Binds to protons (H+) and diffuses across cell membranes because the molecule is nonpolar Destroys proton gradient
  • Oligomycin: Antibiotic that inhibits ATP synthase by blocking its proton channel

Membrane-bound organelles Endomembrane system Larger size and more complexity Know main differences between 2) plant and animal cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Most basic components & functions are the same In plant cells but not animal cells: Chloroplasts Central vacuole Cell wall Use the presence or absence of certain cell components to predict the kind of organism that cell came from -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Prokaryotic: Smaller, simpler cells Only single celled organisms Bacteria & archaea

  • Eukaryotic: Larger, more complex cells Single celled or multicellular organisms Protists, fungi, plants & animals Understand the endosymbiont theory and how it relates to the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts each evolved by a symbiosis arising between two cells
  • One cell, a prokaryote, was engulfed by and became part of another cell
  • During cell division mitochondria and chloroplasts divide via binary fission (just like bacteria) They each have their own circular chromosomes too (just like bacteria) Know organelles listed below and their basic function (example: ribosomes make proteins) (Nucleus, nuclear membrane, ribosomes) -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Nucleus: contains most of the cell's DNA
  • Nuclear membrane: separates DNA from the cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes: make proteins

Know organelles listed below and their basic function (example: ribosomes make proteins) (Mitochondria, chloroplasts) -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Mitochondria: "the powerhouse of the (eukaryotic) cell" Role: Burn energy-rich molecules with O2 to gain lots of ATP energy for cellular work

  • Chloroplasts: solar energy collectors/converters Role: Convert solar energy into energy-rich sugars via photosynthesis Know organelles listed below and their basic function (example: ribosomes make proteins) (Endomembrane system: rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes) -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Rough ER: surface is studded with ribosomes
  • Smooth ER: which lacks ribosomes
  • Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center
  • Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments Know organelles listed below and their basic function (example: ribosomes make proteins) (Know the functions of smooth ER vs. rough ER) -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids (e.g. steroid hormones) Metabolizes carbohydrates Detoxification Stores calcium ions
  • Rough ER: Transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus Adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins The membrane 'factory' for the cell Be able to trace the steps in the synthesis and export of proteins that will be exported out of the cell -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Bound ribosome receives mRNA from the nucleus and synthesizes protein
  • Protein travels through the inner rough ER May be modified and/or folded here
  • Wrapped in a vesicle and shipped off to cis-face of the Golgi apparatus
  • Further protein modification occurs in the Golgi

Absorbs wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not absorb

  • Carotenoids Protective role: absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll Know the source of electrons that are excited during the light reactions and why oxygen is a waste product of those reactions -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Light is absorbed in PS II Split water (H2O) to get electrons Excites electrons with solar energy Release oxygen (O2) as "waste" product Understand the role played by photosystems -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Protein complex A reaction-center complex + light-harvesting complexes Two types of photosystems: II and I
  • Light-harvesting complexes Pigment molecules bound to proteins Transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center Describe the flow of electrons through the light reactions -- Answer โœ”โœ” Water โ†’ PS โ†’ PS1 โ†’ NADPH Identify ATP and the electron carrier NADPH as the link between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle -- Answer โœ”โœ” - ATP and NADPH are produced on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane
  • Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma โ†’ uses the ATP and NADPH Know that the electron transport chain and ATP synthase in photosynthesis works similarly to respiration -- Answer โœ”โœ” Creates a proton gradient; protons diffuses across membrane via ATP synthase Calvin cycle - main points: -- Answer โœ”โœ” - For every 3 CO2, one molecule of G3P (sugar) is made
  • ATP and NADPH from light reactions provide the energy for the cycle
  • Rubisco is the enzyme that "fixes" CO2 in the Calvin cycle Understand the general differences between C3, C4, and CAM plants and how those difference relate to the climate in which each plant lives -- Answer โœ”โœ” - C3 plants:

Close stomata to conserve water when hot Risk of photorespiration C3 plants need less energy since they run only one, not two, cycles Better in cooler, wetter climates Tolerate a broader range of environments

  • C4 plants: Can fix CO2 with leaf pores (stomates) less widely open & need less water Do well in drier, hotter climates
  • CAM plants: Some plants, including succulents, use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to fix carbon Open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids Stomata close during the day, and CO2is then released from those organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle Be able to compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration in terms of: Inputs and outputs -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Photosynthesis: Inputs: CO2 & H2O Outputs: Sugar & O
  • Respiration: Inputs: Sugar & O Outputs: CO2 & H2O Be able to compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration in terms of: Role of oxygen and water -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Photosynthesis: to release oxygen from the water molecule into the atmosphere in the form of oxygen gas
  • Respiration: uses oxygen to release energy for the working muscles in the form of ATP, water is a product of cellular respiration, reduce oxygen to water
  • Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. Be able to compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration in terms of: Carbon source -- Answer โœ”โœ” - Photosynthesis: CO
  • Respiration: Glucose, etc. Be able to compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration in terms of: