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Production Economics: Marginal & Average Products, Calculus Rules, Production Functions, Lecture notes of Calculus

Formulas and rules for calculating marginal and average products of labor and capital, as well as various rules of calculus. It also includes formulas for production functions such as the linear production function, cobb-douglas production function, and their corresponding marginal products and marginal rate of technical substitution. The document also includes a formula for returns to scale elasticity and the isocost equation.

What you will learn

  • What is the formula for the marginal product of labor?
  • What is the difference between the marginal product and the average product of labor?
  • How is the marginal rate of technical substitution calculated?

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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ECN 303 FORMULA SHEET
Marginal Product of Labor:
๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐ฟ=โˆ†๐‘„
โˆ†๐ฟ =๐œ•๐‘„
๐œ•๐ฟ
Average Product of Labor:
๐ด๐‘ƒ๐ฟ=๐‘„
๐ฟ
Marginal Product of Capital:
๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐พ=โˆ†๐‘„
โˆ†๐พ =๐œ•๐‘„
๐œ•๐พ
Average Product of Capital:
๐ด๐‘ƒ๐พ=๐‘„
๐พ
Power Function Rule of Calculus : Given ๐‘ฆ = ๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ๐‘, where a and b are constants, the first
derivative of y is ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ =๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ๐‘โˆ’1
Addition Rule of Calculus: Given ๐‘ฆ = ๐‘“(๐‘ฅ)+ ๐‘”(๐‘ฅ),
๐‘‘๐‘ฆ
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ =๐‘‘๐‘“
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ +๐‘‘๐‘”
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ
Multiplication Rule of Calculus: Given ๐‘ฆ = ๐‘“(๐‘ฅ)๐‘”(๐‘ฅ),
๐‘‘๐‘ฆ
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ = ๐‘“ ๐‘‘๐‘”
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ + ๐‘” ๐‘‘๐‘“
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ
Rules of Exponents: i.) ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ๐‘= ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž+๐‘ ii.) (๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž)๐‘= ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž๐‘ iii.) ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘Ž= (๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ)๐‘Ž iv.) ๐‘ฅโˆ’๐‘Ž =1
๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž
Percent Change in X: %โˆ†๐‘‹ = ๐‘‹1โˆ’๐‘‹0
๐‘‹0ร—100
Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution: ๐‘€๐‘…๐‘‡๐‘† = ๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐ฟ
๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐พ
Linear Production Function: ๐‘„ = ๐›ผ๐‘‹1+ ๐›ฝ๐‘‹2, where X1 and X2 are inputs and ๐›ผ and ๐›ฝ are
constants
Cobb-Douglas Production Function: ๐‘„ = ๐ด๐ฟ๐›ผ๐พ๐›ฝ, where A, ๐›ผ, and ๐›ฝ are constants.
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ECN 303 FORMULA SHEET

Marginal Product of Labor :

๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐ฟ =

Average Product of Labor :

๐ด๐‘ƒ๐ฟ =

Marginal Product of Capital :

๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐พ =

Average Product of Capital :

๐ด๐‘ƒ๐พ =

Power Function Rule of Calculus : Given ๐‘ฆ = ๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ๐‘, where a and b are constants, the first derivative of y is ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ = ๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ

๐‘โˆ’

Addition Rule of Calculus : Given ๐‘ฆ = ๐‘“(๐‘ฅ) + ๐‘”(๐‘ฅ),

๐‘‘๐‘ฆ ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ =

Multiplication Rule of Calculus : Given ๐‘ฆ = ๐‘“(๐‘ฅ)๐‘”(๐‘ฅ),

๐‘‘๐‘ฆ ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ = ๐‘“

Rules of Exponents : i.) ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ๐‘^ = ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž+๐‘^ ii.) (๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž)๐‘^ = ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž๐‘^ iii.) ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘Ž^ = (๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ)๐‘Ž^ iv.) ๐‘ฅโˆ’๐‘Ž^ = (^) ๐‘ฅ^1 ๐‘Ž

Percent Change in X : %โˆ†๐‘‹ = ๐‘‹^1 ๐‘‹โˆ’๐‘‹ 00 ร— 100

Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution : ๐‘€๐‘…๐‘‡๐‘† = (^) ๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐พ๐ฟ

Linear Production Function : ๐‘„ = ๐›ผ๐‘‹ 1 + ๐›ฝ๐‘‹ 2 , where X 1 and X 2 are inputs and ๐›ผ and ๐›ฝ are constants

Cobb-Douglas Production Function : ๐‘„ = ๐ด๐ฟ๐›ผ๐พ๐›ฝ, where A , ๐›ผ, and ๐›ฝ are constants.

Cobb-Douglas Marginal Products : ๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐ฟ = ๐›ผ๐ด๐‘ƒ๐ฟ, ๐‘€๐‘ƒ๐พ = ๐›ฝ๐ด๐‘ƒ๐พ

Cobb-Douglas MRTS : ๐‘€๐‘…๐‘‡๐‘† = (๐›ผ๐›ฝ) ร— (๐พ๐ฟ )

Returns to Scale Elasticity : ๐‘…๐‘‡๐‘†๐œ– = (^) %โˆ†๐‘–๐‘› ๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘™ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘๐‘ข๐‘ก๐‘ %โˆ†๐‘„

Isocost Equation : ๐พ = ๐‘‡๐ถ ๐‘Ÿ^0 โˆ’ (๐‘ค๐‘Ÿ ) ๐ฟ , where ๐‘‡๐ถ 0 is a fixed value of total cost and w and r are the unit prices of labor and capital respectively

Input Substitution Effects : โˆ†๐ฟ = ๐ฟ 1 โˆ’ ๐ฟ 0 โˆ†๐พ = ๐พ 1 โˆ’ ๐พ 0