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Ecology and types of biodiversity, Slides of Ecology and Environment

Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Ecology and Environment

Slides introduces to ecology and types of biodiversity

Typology: Slides

2021/2022

Uploaded on 03/12/2022

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Development from natural history to modern ecology

• Holistic perception of nature

Aristoteles vs. Plato,

• Natural history

Natural history

Lamarck, Humboldt

Development from and with biological subdisciplines

• Evolution theory

Darwin, Wallace, Haeckel introduced 1869 the first the term „Ecology“

• Demography/Population Biology: Malthus, Verhaust, Gause

• Biocoenology/Synecology (Community Ecology): Möbius 1876

• System ecology

Forbes, Naumann/Thienemann, Gleason, Tansley 1935(Definition:

Ecosystem), Odum, Margulis

• Since last decades Development along with the natural and

technological sciences and Interfaces to the arts and the humanities

Partial preview of the text

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Development from natural history to modern ecology

• Holistic perception of nature

Aristoteles vs. Plato,

• Natural historyNatural history

Lamarck, Humboldt Development from and with biological subdisciplines

• Evolution theory

Darwin, Wallace, Haeckel introduced 1869 the first the term „Ecology“

• Demography/Population Biology: Malthus, Verhaust, Gause

• Biocoenology/Synecology (Community Ecology): Möbius 1876

• System ecology

Forbes, Naumann/Thienemann, Gleason, Tansley 1935(Definition: Ecosystem), Odum, Margulis

• Since last decades Development along with the natural and

technological sciences and Interfaces to the arts and the humanities

1- General Ecology The science of Ecology- Sciences alied to Ecology and Subdisciplines Organism (^) as to its Relation (^) to Environment Microbs Animal Plant Man Energy fluxes Element fluxes Space/location Abiot.ic Environment Biotic factors Autecology Demecology Synecology Ecosystem-Ecology Microbial ecology Phyto- ecology Eco- physiology Landsape ecology Freshwater ecology Individualistic -> organismic -> ecosystemic concept Individual Population Coenoses Extensive/intensive external effects Internal interactions Complex indirect interactions Ecological niche Biotope Bio-System Geo-System Geo-ecology (Bio-) Ecology Biosciences (^) Hydro and Geo Sciences Bio- geochemistry Forest ecology

Defining Ecology and Forest Ecology

• Ecology

(^) Ecology is derived from a Greek work ‘oikos’= ‘house’ or ‘place to live’
(^) Literally, ecology is the study of organisms ‘at home’
(^) Ecology is defined as the study of the relations of organisms to their environment
(^) Autecology
- (^) Study of individuals in relation to environment
(^) Synecology
- (^) Study of communities in relation to environment

• Forest ecology

(^) Interrelationships between the various trees and other organisms constituting the community and the physical environment in which they exist

Ecosytem: Definnition and Components

• Definition

(^) Unit that includes all of the organisms (i.e. ‘the community’) in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity and material cycle (exchange materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecological system or ecosystem

• Components (from the trophic standpoint)

(^) Autotrophic (self-nourishing): fixation of light energy, use of simple inorganic substances, and build up of complex substences
(^) Heterotrophic (other-nourishing): utilization, rearrangement and decomposition of complex materials

Ecosystem: Structure and Function

• Function

(^) Energy circuits
(^) Food chains
(^) Diversity pattern in time and space
(^) Nutrient (biochemical) cycles
(^) Development and evolution
(^) Control (cybernetics)

Ecosystem: Structure and Function

Ecosystem: Types

• Ecosystem types in Nepal (after Dobremez ,1970)

– Terai 10

– Siwalik Hills 13

– Mid Hills 52

– High Lands 38

– Others 5

Total 118

Ecosystem: analysis

Tertiary Consumer (Mega- carnivores ) Secondary Consumers (carnivores) Primary Consumers (herbivores) Producers (green plants) decomposer decomposer

Ecosystem: analysis

(Aquatic ecosystem: pond)

Concept of Productivity

• Basic or primary productivity

(^) Basic productivity is defined as the rate at which radiation energy is stored by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic activity of producer organisms in the form of organic substances which can be used as food materials
(^) Gross primary productivity (‘total photosynthesis’ or ‘total assimilation’)
- (^) The total rate of photosynthesis, including the organic matter used up in respiration during the measurement period
(^) Net primary productivity (‘apparent photosynthesis’ or ‘net assimilation’) - (^) The rate of storage of organic matter in plant tissues in excess of the respiratory utilization by the plants during the period of measurement
(^) Net community productivity
- (^) The rate of storage of organic matter not used by heterotrophs (net primary production - heterotrophic consumption) during the period under consideration, usually the growing season or a year

Concept of Productivity

• Relationship between solar energy input and primary

productivity

Percentage transfers Total solar radiant energy Absorbed by autotrophic stratum Gross primary production Net primary production Maximum 100 50 5 4 Average favourable condition 100 50 1 0. Average for biosphere 100 <50 0.2 0.

Concept of Productivity

(^) Relationship between gross primary production and net primary production with increasing leaf area index (square centimetres of leaf surface exposed to light per square centimetre of ground surface) Crop Optimum % Max. Gross Photosynthesis Leaf Area Index- cm2/cm 100 Mature Forest 50 2 4 6 8 10 GPP (Gross Primary Product) NPP (Net Primary Product)

Measurement of Productivity

• O2 measurement method

(^) Generally, there is a definite equivalence between oxygen and food produced
(^) Primary production can be estimated by ‘light-and-dark bottle’ method
(^) The sum of the oxygen produced in the light bottle and oxygen used in the dark bottle is the total oxygen production, which provide estimate of primary production with appropriate conversion to Calories
(^) Widely used in marine and freshwater ecosystems
(^) Oxygen production can also be measured in certain aquatic ecosystems (streams or estuaries, particularly polluted waters) by ‘diurnal curve method’: measurements of dissolved oxygen in the water are made at intervals throughout the day and night so that production of oxygen during the day and its use during the night may be estimated by determining the area under the diurnal curves

Measurement of Productivity

• CO2 measurement method

(^) This method is more practical in terrestrial ecosystems
(^) A large bell jar or a plastic box or tent is placed over the community; air is drawn through the enclosures and the CO2 concentration in incoming and outgoing air is measured with an infrared gas analyzer
(^) Most promising procedure for measurement of terrestrial productivity is ‘aerodynamic method’: the periodic measurements of gas concentration and appropriate transfer coefficient (similar to the ‘diurnal curve method’ applicable for aquatic ecosystems)

• pH method

(^) In aquatic ecosystems the pH of the water is a function of the dissolved CO2 content (which is decreased by photosynthesis and increased by respiration)
(^) pH method is useful in laboratory analysis of micro-ecosystems
(^) pH electrode and recorder can obtain a continuous record of net daytime photosynthesis and nighttime respiration (from which gross production can be estimated)

Ecology and types of biodiversity, Slides of Ecology and Environment

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Ecology and types of biodiversity and more Slides Ecology and Environment in PDF only on Docsity!

Development from natural history to modern ecology

• Holistic perception of nature

Aristoteles vs. Plato,

• Natural historyNatural history

• Evolution theory

• Demography/Population Biology: Malthus, Verhaust, Gause

• Biocoenology/Synecology (Community Ecology): Möbius 1876

• System ecology

• Since last decades Development along with the natural and

Defining Ecology and Forest Ecology

• Ecology

• Forest ecology

Ecosytem: Definnition and Components

• Definition

• Components (from the trophic standpoint)

Ecosystem: Structure and Function

• Function

Ecosystem: Structure and Function

Ecosystem: Types

• Ecosystem types in Nepal (after Dobremez ,1970)

– Terai 10

– Siwalik Hills 13

– Mid Hills 52

– High Lands 38

– Others 5

Total 118

Ecosystem: analysis

Ecosystem: analysis

Concept of Productivity

• Basic or primary productivity

Concept of Productivity

• Relationship between solar energy input and primary

productivity

Concept of Productivity

Measurement of Productivity

• O2 measurement method

Measurement of Productivity

• CO2 measurement method

• pH method