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A comprehensive overview of the ecology and evolution of algae and prokaryotes, covering topics such as the similarities between algae and plants, the mechanisms that generate biological diversity, the characteristics of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the benefits of being small, the evolution of photosynthesis, the importance of viruses, the features that distinguish bacteria from archaea, and the evidence supporting the hypothesis that life evolved in deep-sea thermal vents. The document also explores the diversity and distinctive features of fungi, the evolution of alternation of generations, and the symbiotic relationships between algae and fungi. With a focus on understanding the fundamental principles and processes that underlie the diversity of life, this document could be a valuable resource for students and researchers in the fields of biology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
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The ecology of algae in aquatic ecosystems parallels that of plants in terrestrial ecosystems. Make three points to support this statement. - ✔✔ Aglae and mosses/plants have similar features such as:
c) Most of the fundamental housekeeping (cellular maintenance) proteins and biochemical processes seem to have a heritage reflecting a hydrothermal environment d) UV levels are low in vents relative to the ocean surface meaning nucleic acid degradation was minimal Briefly explain two different reasons why the evolution of photosynthesis in the cyanobacteria is believed to have been critical to the subsequent development of the diversity of life on Earth (2 x 2 marks). - ✔✔1)Ozone development (O3) associated with an oxygenic atmosphere meant that the organisms at the top of the land or aquatic surfaces were better protected against UV radiation.
A chickadee, a caterpillar, a chanterelle and a cedar are all believed to have evolved from a common pool of ancestral prokaryotes. List four types of evidence to support this hypothesis: - ✔✔a) Nucleic acid mechanism of heredity b) Nucleic acid code c) Cellular organizational patterns d) Energy transformations based on ATP currency Explain two lines of evidence indicating that some Euglenoids gained the capacity to photosynthesize by secondary endosymbiosis? - ✔✔Chloroplasts in the photosynthetic euglenoids were acquired through (secondary) endosymbiosis by an ancestral heterotrophic euglenoid host of an ancestral green algal cell that itself was a result of (primary) endosymbiosis by an ancestral heterotrophic eukaryotic host of a cyanobacterium that became an ancestral chloroplast. Dry rot' refers to decomposition of wood in a dry environment by certain fungi but not by bacteria. Explain two distinctive features of fungi that allow them to achieve this process? - ✔✔a) Capacity to translocate water and nutrients along the mycelium from hyphae that are in contact with moist areas to hyphae that are actively decomposing wood in dry areas. b) Certain dry rot fungi can synthesise water as a byproduct of glycolysis c) Synthesize specialised wood-decaying enzymes