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Edexcel A level Politics (Paper 3) Exam Questions & Answer 2024/2025 Realism - ANS-Wide school of thought in international relations theory that has a belief that world politics will remain a field of conflict among actors pursuing power Liberalism - ANS-Wide school of thought in international relations theory that rejects power politics as the sole outcome of international relations and emphasizes mutual benefits and co-operation International anarchy - ANS-The concept that the world system is leaderless: there is no universal sovereign or worldwide government. Security Dilemma - ANS-Theory that actions by a state intended to increase its security such as increasing its military strength can lead to other states responding with similar measures producing increased tensions that create conflict Complex interdependence - ANS-Theory that states and their fortunes are inextricably tied together Anarchical society and society of states - ANS-Theory that the states of the world can be members of a society despite the anarchical nature of the international system North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - ANS-A military alliance consisting of the USA and its key allies in Western Europe with the purpose to protect western Europe with the purpose to protect western Europe from military threats from the Soviet Union United Nations (UN) - ANS-The world's principal intergovernmental organisation founded in 1945 and comprised of 193 member states. It has a wide range of responsibilities and powers (e.g. international peace and security, economic development, human rights and social progress) UN Security Council (UNSC) - ANS-The UN's supreme decision-making body on matters of international peace and security able to issue binding resolutions with the full force of international law Government - ANS-An executive body that is in power usually of a sovereign state. Often elected, a government's leadership and authority is usually clear Governance - ANS-The act of governing and trying to command authority overa particular territory or group Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) - ANS-Not for profit organisations that are independent from the state and IGOs and are engage in a wide range of activities. They are usually funded by donations but some are primarily volunteer run Intergovernmental - ANS-A type of decision making that exists in most IGOs where all of the IGOs are those that nation states have negotiated, debated and agreed together. The IGO itself does not have the power to compel its member states to do things Supranational - ANS-A type of decision making that exists in some IGOs notably the EU where the IGO itself has the power to make certain decisions, formulate policy and sometimes force nation states to comply with its directives Sovereignty - ANS-Absolute and unlimited power and authority Nation state - ANS-Autonomous political community held together by citizenship and nationality Non-state actors - ANS-Participants in international relations with significant power and influence which are not states Globalisation - ANS-Emergence of complex web of interconnectedness in many forms Economic Globalisation - ANS-Growing economic integration and interdependence of economies through intensified cross border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital Political globalisation - ANS-Growing importance of international organisations Cultural globalisation - ANS-Growing transmission of ideas, meaning and values around the world Homogenization and monoculture - ANS-Coming together of global cultures and development of a single, homogenous culture without diversity or dissension Interconnectedness - ANS-The way in which states become more linked through their shared membership of intergovernmental and regional organisations. Through cooperation states no longer approach global relations in terms of maximizing their own power Global governance - ANS-Broad and complex process of decision making at a global level Dumping - ANS-Where a country sells to another country lower than the cost of manufacturing General Poverty - ANS-Deprived of the necessities of life Soft power - ANS-The ability to attract and co-opt and to shape the preference of others through appeal and attraction Polarity - ANS-Describes the nature of the international system at any given time in terms of how power is distributed Unipolarity - ANS-International system in where there is one dominant pole Bipolarity - ANS-International system revolving around two poles Multipolarity - ANS-International system revolving around three or more poles Democratic state - ANS-A state with a system of government in which ass the people are involved in making decisions about its affairs Semi-democratic state - ANS-A stable state that combines democratic and authoritarian elements Non-democratic state - ANS-A state that lacks the central characteristics on a democratic state Autocratic state - ANS-A state that is ruled by a single person with unlimited power Failed state - ANS-A state that is unable to operate as a viable political unit Rogue state - ANS-A state that has a foreign policy that poses a threat to other state Power - ANS-The ability to exert influence through various means over others. In the case of global politics this relates to the methods nation-states use to exercise control and achieve the outcomes they want Regionalism - ANS-Creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region Soft Power - ANS-A state's diplomatic or cultural power Legal Sovereignty - ANS-States can leave organisations as the UK has left the EU. There is no compulsion in the international system so states are free to follow their own interests Political Sovereignty - ANS-States need to co-operate through regional organisations and therefore may be seen to have surrendered sovereignty. Some states may feel they increase their sovereignty by pooling it with other states External Sovereignty - ANS-Sovereignty could be seen as reduced as states need to compromise and give up some controls to achieve common goals. Some states may feel they have more sovereignty through pooling it Internal Sovereignty - ANS-States are legally sovereign within their own territory by by co-operating through regional organisations they may lose control of their own law- making powers. e.g. when the UK was in the EU, EU law was higher than British law Zero-sum - ANS-Here it is clear cut that states have less sovereignty. The more sovereignty you give away to an organisation or supranational authority, the less you have Pooled Sovereignty - ANS-By doing these states can increase their power, influence and therefore sovereignty in the world Great Power - ANS-A state that wields significant global influence militarily and economically. And through its leading roles in |GOs such as the UN, G7/G8, G20 and the Bretton Wood Institutions. It therefore has a forward foreign policy and plays an influential role in global issues Superpower - ANS-A state that possess all the characteristics of great power but will be able to make its influence felt anywhere in the world through advanced nuclear and cyber technology, and the means of delivering a devastating military response anywhere in the world at anywhere in the world; diplomacy and influence over its allies who share its ideological beliefs Emerging power - ANS-A state that has started to acquire great power status but has not yet met the full criteria to become a great power. Generally, it becoming rapidly powerful in certain areas and will be likely to have a significant level of regional influence while in other areas it may still be developing Subsidiarity - ANS-The principle that decisions should always be taken at the lowest possible level or closest to where they will have their effect Functionalism - ANS-This model arose as a challenge to the idea of federalism. It argued that blocs such as the EU did not emerge to become federalist rather it is there to serve for specific functions Rogue Superpowers - ANS-Phrase created by Noam Chomsky. It describes the fact that an unipolar state acts without considering the views of others states and IGOs 
