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A motion picture film is actually a series of still pictures, but we "see" the movie as continuous action. This fact most closely relates to which of the following? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Perception After reading the chapter in the text, Carla then writes an answer to each of the questions that are in the margins of the book. After writing her answer, she looks at the feedback in the student supplement. Her friend Heidi also reads the text. She then reads the questions in the margins and then looks at the feedback in the student supplement. Carla consistently scores higher on the tests and quizzes. Of the following, based on what we know about making information meaningful, which is the best explanation for why Carla scores higher than does Heidi? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------By writing the answers Carla puts herself in a more active role than does Heidi. You have a class of 28 students who come from a variety of ethnic backgrounds and whose experiences vary widely. You want to begin teaching the students about the American Revolutionary War. You write the word "Revolution" on the chalkboard, and you ask, "What do we mean by 'Revolution'?" Using information processing theory as a basis for your teaching, which of the following best describes what you did? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------You attempted to check the students' perceptions by asking them what the term meant to them. Mrs. Smith wants to teach her students that snakes are smooth, dry, and clean, rather than slimy as many students believe. Using information
processing theory as a basis for her instruction, which of the following would be the best way to begin her lesson? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Bring a snake to class and hold it up for the children to see and feel. You have a class of students whose backgrounds are diverse. You want them to understand that pressure is the amount of force that is exerted on a certain area. You have assessed their understanding of the concept pressure by asking them questions, and you have found that understanding varies widely among the individual students. Some equate pressure with force, others can state the definition, but they seem to merely have it memorized, and others have only vague understandings of the concept. Using information processing theory and your understanding of instructional adaptations for background diversity as a basis for your teaching, which of the following is the most effective? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Stand up in front of the class on both feet and then on one foot. Have the students compare the force you exert on the floor and the amount of area you're standing on in both cases. Lead them to conclude that you exert twice as much pressure on one foot as you do on two feet. Use the case study with Michelle Carbee and her students to answer Items 59 - 63 Perception is the second cognitive process that we see in the information processing model. Of the following, which paragraph or combination of paragraphs is the best example of checking students' perceptions? --------- CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 33 Putting students in active roles is an essential application of information processing theory. Which of the following best describes how Michelle attempted to put her students in active roles? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------Michelle developed her lesson with questioning (e.g. paragraphs 13 and 33)
As part of a unit on 'Smart Shopping," Khitam Halim opened her junior-high ESL class by handing out copies of ads she had clipped from magazines and newspapers. Students were to work in same-language groups to figure out from the ads what the best bargains were. Students could use hand- held calculators if they wished. As students answered questions, they were encouraged to explain their thinking to each other. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------This is an effective activity, because it provides an authentic task and capitalizes on student-student interaction. The use of examples has been strongly emphasized when basing instruction on constructivist views of learning. Which of the following most effectively explains why examples are so important? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Examples are what students use to construct their understanding of the topics they study. Students periodically come out with "off the wall conclusions" such as "Most of the houses in France are made of Plaster of Paris." Of the following, which is the most likely reason students make these conclusions? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Students create and develop these conclusions based on the experiences they have. Of the following concerns, which is the most problematic when using explanations as the primary way of developing student understanding? ----- ----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Explanations tend to put students in a passive role instead of encouraging their active involvement in the learning activity. Mrs. Foil is teaching the concept arthropod to her students. She displays the definition, "Arthropods arecold-blooded animals with an exoskeleton,
three body parts, and jointed legs." She then shows students pictures ofa lobster, shrimp, and ant, telling the students that they're arthropods. As an application of instruction based on constructivist views of learning, of the following, the best assessment of the implementation of her lesson is: ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------it is inconsistent with constructivist views of learning, since she merely told the students that the examples were arthropods, and there was no evidence of discussion in the lesson. Of the following, which is the best example of an authentic task? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Students write a persuasive editorial for the school newspaper. Of the following, which is the poorest example of an authentic task? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Students rewrite sentences to correctly indicate the possessive form of nouns. Four teachers are teaching the concepts of adjective and adverb phrases to their language arts students. Mr. Ford displays several sentences, some of which contain adjective phrases and others of which contain adverb phrases on the overhead. He points out the adjective phrases, underlines them, and points to the noun they modify. He does essentially the same thing with the sentences containing the adverb phrases. He then gives the students several sentences for practice, directing them to underline the phrase in each case, identify it as an adjective or adverb phrase and circle the word it modifies. Mrs. Mancuso presents a two paragraph passage which contains three underlined adjective phrases and three italicized adverb phrases. The class discusses the common features of the phrases, what they modify, and they arrive at a description of adjective and adverb phrases. The students then write a paragraph containing a ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Mr. Ford.
problems and what effect these had on their funding. The professor then nodded knowingly and mumbled, "Yes, economics rules the world." Piaget would say she: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------assimilated an example into an already existing scheme. Betty is 22 and is learning word processing in a class she is taking at FCCJ. In Piagetian terms the best description of her ability to use the word processor would be called: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a type of scheme. Betty was using the "Mac" and the school switched to a Windows platform. She commented that it was really different, and much of what she did before had different commands, but she has now made the switch to Windows successfully. This passage best illustrates: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Betty adapting through the process of accommodation. In the children's story, Bambi, Thumper the rabbit was teaching Bambi about the forest and Bambi had learned about flowers. They then encountered the skunk."Flower," Bambi said in seeing the skunk."No, Bambi," Thumper laughed. "Skunk.""Flower!" Bambi insisted. The Piagetian concept that most closely relates to Bambi's reaction is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------assimilation. Paul decides to have the students describe the ratio of girls to boys in the class, as well as having them describe the ratio of boys to girls. His practice best illustrates which of the following? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------Pedagogical content knowledge
Paul decides to have the students supply additional personalized examples. His practice best illustrates which of the following? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Knowledge of learners and learning Which of the following best describes a productive learning environment? -- -------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------An environment that is orderly and focuses on learning Which of the following are considered to be knowledge expert teachers possess? I. Knowledge of content II. Pedagogical content knowledge III. Knowledge of school rules and policies IV. Knowledge about learners and learning ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------I, II, IV Ms. Thornton says to her students, "Let's do this once more so everyone understands. What did Timmy just say about the setting of the story?" This question is most closely related to: ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------emphasis. Martha Rodriguez was reflecting on the problem of Luiz. He was in her third period English class, and he was failing. She had tried gentle reminders to him to complete his work and made sure she recognized him when he did so; she had tried simplifying directions; she had tried counseling him; she had tried drawing him out in class and elaborating on his comments and questions. "So far, none of those has really worked for very long", she mused, "I know I can get him to learn. I wonder what I should try next. I think I'll call his parents and ask for their help." Which of the following statements best describes Martha's behavior in the episode you just read? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------She has demonstrated high teaching efficacy.
Mrs. Kerr is conducting a geography lesson on Arkansas. She asks, "Scott, what is the capital of Arkansas?" (Scott was paying attention but didn't have his hand raised.) Based on the characteristics of effective questioning behaviors, of the following, the best assessment of the teacher's action (calling on Scott and asking the question) is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the teacher should have asked the question first and then called on Scott. From case study Of the following, the paragraph that best illustrates the concept of introductory focus is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 36 From case study Of the following, both paragraphs 4 and 6 best illustrate: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------teacher expectations. Consider Michelle's questioning in paragraphs 13, 17, 21, 28, 33, 37, and
- Of the following, Michelle's behavior in these paragraphs best illustrates: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------equitable distribution. Look at paragraphs 11-12. Of the following, they best illustrate which essential teaching skill? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------teacher organization. Look at the sequence of paragraphs from 63-69. Of the following, it best illustrates: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------closure
Look at paragraph 39 in Michelle's lesson. Assess Michelle's behaviors in the incident, and defend your assessment with information taken from the case study. (4 points) ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- An increase in a behavior as the result of a consequence that follows the behavior best describes: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- reinforcement Which of the following is the most valid description of learning from a behaviorist point of view? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Changes in observable behavior occurring as a result of experience Using a more frequent or more desired activity as a reinforcer for a less frequent or less preferred activity is an application of the: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Premack Principle. The meat presented to the dogs in Pavlov's experiments is best described as a(n): ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------unconditioned stimulus. You watch your 8th grade algebra students take a test. You have directed them to circle each of their answers. As you watch Bill circle an answer, you see his hand shake so much that the circle is "wiggly" around it. Assuming Bill isn't ill and has no other physical problem, of the following this observed behavior best illustrates: ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------a conditioned response.
The conditioned response would be Steve's: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------being at ease Mr. Daniel has always used his "mean face" to stop undesirable behavior in his first graders. However, even though he looks at Brian with this face each time Brian talks out of turn, Brian is talking more than ever now. For Brian the "mean face" is apparently a: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------positive reinforcer. The teacher asks the class to identify a triangle, square, and circle. When called upon, Sue identifies the triangle as the square. According to research, of the following, the most effective feedback is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------"No, Sue. See the triangle has three sides and the square has four sides." In a discussion of plant parts, Mrs. Short calls on Jim. He sits silently for several seconds considering the question and finally says, "I don't know.""Can someone help Jim out," Mrs. Short continues.Later, Mrs. Short calls on Jim again. He hesitates briefly and again says, "I don't know."Mrs. Short then turns and says, "Linda?" directing the question to another student. Focusing on Jim's behavior of saying "I don't know," this case study best illustrates: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a negatively reinforced behavior. You get into your car and turn the ignition key. The seat belt buzzer goes off, you fasten your seat belt, and the buzzer stops buzzing. Of the following, fastening your seatbelt best illustrates a behavior resulting from: - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------negative reinforcement
Mr. Wright is working with one of his reading groups while the rest of his class is doing seat work. He says quietly, "Everyone read the next paragraph silently," and gets up and goes to walk among the students doing seatwork, offering encouragement as he goes. He returns to his group and a few minutes later he again circulates among the working students, praising and encouraging the students as he goes. After awhile, he again repeats his behavior. In its impact on the students doing seatwork, the episode best illustrates: --- ------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------variable-interval reinforcement. We discussed how teachers can use classical conditioning to help students develop positive emotional responses in schools. Give one specific example of such application for this purpose and explain how classical conditioning works in this case by identifying its process, the unconditioned stimuli and response, and the conditioned stimulus and response in the process. (5 points) ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Skylar, an 11th grader, happens to bring a copy of The Great Gatsby with him to his physics class. Mr. Warren, his physics teacher, compliments him on his range of interest and his taste in American literature. Soon Skylar is seen carrying a copy of William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying in the hall. Of the following, Skylar's behavior best illustrates: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------operant conditioning. Ali is one of Skylar's classmates and was there when Skylar and Mr. Warren had their conversation. She asks Skylar if she can borrow The Great Gatsby and she begins reading it. Of the following, Ali's request best illustrates a behavior resulting from: ------ ---CORRECT ANSWER-----------------vicarious learning.
The effect that Ms. Camacho's reprimand has on Kareem can be best described as: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------strengthening an inhibition. The type of modeling illustrated in the example is best described as: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------symbolic. In its impact on Jim's reaction, the modeling outcome best illustrated in the case study is a(n): ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------emotional arousal effect. A group of people are watching a guitar soloist play a difficult piece of music. After a particularly impressive display of skill, someone in the audience begins to applaud. The rest of the audience then applauds as well. Of the following, the type of modeling best illustrated by the initial applause is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------direct. The modeling outcome illustrated in the example is best described as a(n): ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------facilitating existing behaviors effect. A kindergarten teacher spends some time each day reading stories such as The Three Little Pigs. (The essence of the story is that two of the little pigs are not conscientious, one building his house of straw and the other building his house of sticks. The big, bad wolf [wolves have been getting a bum rap for decades, but that's an editorial comment] blows their houses down, and they get eaten. The conscientious little pig builds a sturdy house and the wolf loses. )
Using social cognitive theory as a basis, explain why a teacher would choose to read stories such as these: (2 points) ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- A middle-age man who has become a little rotund would like to get in shape but is very uneasy about going to a fitness center, since he has long ago lost his "athletic appearance." At the urging of friend, he finally goes to a fitness club near where he lives just to take a look. Upon arriving at the club he is surprised to see several people about his age and build laboring over the machines and free weights. The man is now consistently working out. Using social cognitive theory as a basis, provide a comprehensive and specific explanation for the man's behavior. Address the type of modeling, the type of learning, the effectiveness of models, and the modeling outcomes in your answer. (5 points) ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------
Mrs. Bailey' students understand fractions, and she is now working with them on the addition and subtraction of fractions. She models the process for adding fractions with like denominators, then gives the students several practice examples. She follows by demonstrating what equivalent fractions are, and gives the students several examples where they determine if the fractions are equivalent or not. She then models the process for finding equivalent fractions and again gives them several examples to practice on. She continues with this process for the addition of fractions with unlike denominators and repeats the process for the subtraction of fractions.Mrs. Bailey having the students practice solving problems best illustrates helping them encode information into long-term memory through: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------activity. Mrs. Bailey's procedure best illustrates an attempt to take into account the characteristics of which of the following components of the information processing model? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Working memory
Mr. Greer, another instructor at St. Johns River, is working on finding the volume of pyramids with his math class. His students have trouble distinguishing between the altitude of a face of the pyramid and the altitude of the pyramid itself. He than makes a pyramid out of cardboard and sticks a toothpick down the middle and says, "Now this is the altitude of the pyramid itself." They then deal effectively with the problem. Based on this information, the best description of the stage of cognitive development Mr. Greer's students are in is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- concrete operational since they can solve the problem with concrete materials. Mrs. Reed teaches an 8th grade physical science class with students of average to above average ability. The students are having a difficult time understanding the idea that ice melts at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and water freezes at the same temperature. They can't understand how a solid and a liquid can be at the same temperature when the material is the same.Mrs. Reed explains, "Heat is required to change ice from the solid 'state' to the liquid 'state.' The energy is needed to break down the orderly arrangement of the molecules in the ice, even though the molecules don't move any faster."Her students still don't get it.According to Piaget, the best solution to Mrs. Reed's problem would be to: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- show them a model illustrating the molecular motion of the substance in each state and the change in motion as the ice melts. Mrs. Williams, a math teacher, is involved in helping her students find the volume of rectangular solids using the formula V = l x w x h. They had difficulty with the problems, and couldn't seem to visualize the boxes when shown pictures of them in their textbooks. Of the following, the best solution to this dilemma according to Piaget would be to: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------show them an empty box and put cubes in it until it was full to illustrate volume and the cubic dimension. Of the following, the most likely explanation Piaget would offer for the students' difficulty would be: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the
students lack the concrete experiences needed to understand the ideas involved. Teachers often comment that they can easily tell which students in their classes have had parents who have worked with them in comparison with other students whose parents have been less involved. Of the following, the Piagetian concept most closely related to this description is: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------experience The school made another switch moving from Word Pad to Microsoft Word. Betty was quickly able to use Microsoft Word with little difficulty, many of the commands for it being very similar to the commands for Word Pad.Betty's ability to use Microsoft Word best illustrates: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------adapting through the process of assimilation. You are a high school teacher. Identify the most important teaching strategy you should use for your students according to Piaget's theory. Explain. (3 points) ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- What is the phase in learning in which Vygotsky states that a student can profit from help? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Zone of proximal development Which of the following concepts provide a firm basis for Vygotsky's perspective on learning? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Culture and language
