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A comprehensive overview of electrolytes, covering their causes, symptoms, and treatment. It presents a series of questions and answers related to electrolytes, which can be helpful for students studying for the pccn exam. Well-organized and easy to understand, making it a valuable resource for those seeking to deepen their knowledge of electrolytes.
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Causes: renal failure over-replacement cell-damage/shift out of cells (acidosis, hemolysis, sepsis, chemo) spironolactone therapy S/S: bradycardia termors/twitching N/V peaked T waves, short ST seg, blocks ✔✔Hyperkalemia Treatment for hyperkalemia ✔✔kayexelate insulin/glucose/HCO2/Ca++ Dialysis Aerosol albuterol
Causes: Poor PO intake Renal loss (diuretics, renal tubular necrosis),amphot. B GI loss; diarrhea, vomiting Shift into cells (excessive insulin admin in DKA, alkalosis) S/S: Tachycardia Hypotensions Flaccid muscles FLAT T waves long ST seg PVCs ✔✔Hypokalemia Treatment for hypokalemia ✔✔Oral replacement > IV S/S:
too much banked blood S/S Laryngeal spasm seizures/muscle cramps hypotension hyperactive reflexes Trousseau's sign Chvostek's sign LONG QT FLAT ST seg ✔✔Hypocalcemia Treatment of hypocalcemia ✔✔PO>IV calcium gluconate Potassium and calcium are inversely proportional to ✔✔serum pH Causes:
renal disease adrenal insufficiency S/S: flushing/hypotension bradycardia respiratory depression hypoactive reflexes CNS depression ✔✔Hypomagnesemia Causes: chronic renal failure pancreatitis hepatic cirrhosis GI losses Alcoholism
Causes: renal failure chemo lactic acidosis S/S: Usually asymptomatic numbness/tingling of hands/mouth muscle spasms precipitation of Ca++ salts can lead to hypocalcemia ✔✔Hyperphosphatemia Causes: refeeding syndrome Ca++/Mg++ deficiency Acute respiratory disorders
DKA, insulin admin S/S hemolysis, anemia muscle pain, weakness respiratory muscle weakness decreased LOC, paresthesia ✔✔Hypophosphatemia Causes: Diabetic Insipidus increased insensible losses w/out replacement of water S/S Thirst CNS depression ✔✔Hypernatremia
