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Science (5005) questions and answers
Scientific method - 1. pose a problem or question
- formulate a hypothesis or educated guess
- conduct experiments or tests that will provide a basis to solve the problem or answer the question
- observe test results
- draw conclusions scientific fact - objective and verifiable conclusion scientific theory - greater body of accepted knowledge, principles, or relationships that might explain a scientific fact scientific law - explanation of events that always lead to the same outcome model - representation of an idea that can be used to explain events or applied to new situations to predict outcomes or determine results anton von leuwenhoek 1723 - used magnifying glass. first to observe single celled organizms gregor johan mendel 1884 - father of genetics -observed occurence of inhereted traits in pea plants
Science (5005) questions and answers
barbara mclintock - created first genetic map of maize and was abke to demonstrate basic genetic principles such as how recombination is an exchange of chromosomal information james watson and francis crick - co-discoverers of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which has a double helix shape metric system - kilo=1, hecto= deka= -base unit (gram, meter, liter) deci=1/ centi=1/ milli=1/ mean - sum of list of numbers divided by number of numbers median - middle number in list of numbers sorted from least to greatest. if list is even numbers, median is smaller of two in middle standard deviation - this measures the variability of the data set and determines the amount of confidence one can have in the conclusions mode - value that occurs most frequently in the data set
Science (5005) questions and answers
-detrital, biogenic, and chemical igneous rock - formed from magma -intrusive, plutonic, hypabyssal, extrusice or volcanic -magna that solidifies at depth is intrusive, cools slowly and has course grain -magma that solidifies at/near the surface is extrusive, cools quickly and has fine grain -hypabyssal rock is formed at medium depths metamorphic rock - -that which has been changed with heat and high pressure -deformation, compaction, destruction of the characteristics of the original rock, bending, folding, formation of new minerals through chemical reactions, changes in size/shape of mineral grain -foliated-compressed along one axis -unfoliated-compressed equally from all sides, or lacking specific minerals diameter of earth - 12715 km in diametee depth of center of earth - 6378 km molten outer core - depth of 5150 to 2890 km consists of two layers top is lithospehere (combined with crust) rocky and relatively rigid -bottom asthenosphere or weak sphere resembling thick liquid
Science (5005) questions and answers
theory of plate tectonics - lithospehere composed of plates -move with the viscous upper mantle -9-15 major plates and as many as 40 minor plates -transform boundary-sliding plates -divergent- seperating plates transform boundary (plate tectonics) - two plates sliding past one another along fault line -ex. san andreas fault line where North American and Pacific plates slide past each other divergent boundary (plate tectonics) - two plates spreading apart and forming a new crust convergent boundary (plate tectonics) - the process of subduction causes one plate to go under another volcano - can occur at any plate boundary -divergent (can cause a ridge) -convergent (subduction creates magma which rises to surface to form volcanos) -can also form over hot spots in the middle of a plate lattitude - measurement of distance to equator -determines how much solar radiation a particular area receives (hottest at equator causing deserts and tropical rainforest, lowest at poles causing tundra)
Science (5005) questions and answers
-weather is condition of atmosphere at any given time weather - condition of atmosphere at any given time. both changing events such as clouds, storms, and temperatures as well as more extreme events such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and blizzards hydrologic cycle - water cycle: movement on, abovem and in earth -precipitation -canopy interception -snowmelt -runoff -infiltration -subsurface flow -evaporation -sublimation -advection -condensation -transpiration infiltration (hydrologic cycle) - occurs when water flows from the surface into the ground subsurface flow (hydrologic cycle) - water that flows underground
Science (5005) questions and answers
sublimation (hydrologic cycle) - when water in solid state (ice) changes to water vapor without going through a liquid state advection (hydrologic cycle) - movement of water through atmosphere transpiration (hydrologic cycle) - when water is released from plants into air ocean - salty body of water that encompasses 70.8% surface of earth spanning 361254000 square km, has mass of 1.4x1024grams, greatest depth at marina trench is 10,924 meters below sea level atmosphere - contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon traces of water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gasses becomes thinner farther from earth's surface (difficult to breath about 3km above sea level) -troposphere (lowest) where weather occurs -stratosphere -mesosphere (coldest, where meteors tend to ablate) -thermosphere (where international space station orbits) -exosphere- outermost layer exceeds 10,000km and mainly consists of hydrogen and helium cirrus clouds - high clouds occur between 5000 and 13000 meters above earths surface cloud thin wispy mares tails
Science (5005) questions and answers
nimbostratus - dark gray clouds with uneven bases that indicate rain or snow low clouds from earth surface to 2000meters sun - -center of solar system 70% hydrogen 28% helium and 2% other metals -one of 1billion stars in milky way galaxy -sun is more than 99.8% of total mass of solar system -core temp 15.6 million k solar system - -Mercury-closest ro sun and smallest (88 day orbit) -Venus- 2nd to sun. 225 day orbit -Earth- 3rd to sun 365 day orbit -Mars-4th planet from sum -Jupiter- 5th planet from sun. largest. planetary ring. 63 moons and red spot which is anticyclonic storm -Saturn-6th planet from sun. 2nd largest. system of rings 61 moons -Uranus-7th planet from sun. coldest atmosphere. ring system. 13 moons -Neptune-8th planet from sun. 3rd largest mass. 12 moons. strongest winds of any planet astronomical unit - 1 AU is 149598000km or distance from earth to sun waxing (moon) - 2 weeks when moon goes from new moon to full moon
Science (5005) questions and answers
waning (moon) - 2 weeks when moon goes from full moon to new moon new moon - moon is not illuminated. rises and sets with sun cresent moon - tiny sliver is lit first quarter moon - half the moon is lit ans the phase of moon is due south of meridian gibbous - more than half moon is lit (like football) right side moon? - moon is lit full moon - moon is illuminated. rises at sunset and sets at sunrise eukaryotic cells - -have nucleus -membrane bound organelles that perform various functions -DNA mostly in chromosomes in nucleus -divide by mitosis and are diploid -animal and plant cells prokaryotic cells - - no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles -DNA not in nucleus but in nucleoid in cytoplasm
Science (5005) questions and answers
miosis - cell division (daughter cells have different genetic coding than parent cell) -only happens in specialized reproductive cells called gametes -basically does mitosis twice to create 4 daughter cells (instead of 2) with different sets of chromosomes genotype - al possible genes (including recessive phenotype - physical manifestation of genes allele - aka trait. is the variation of the gene: determines the manifestation of the gene gradualism (evolution) - idea that evolution proceeds gradually with no sudden developments of a new species or features from one generation to the next punctuated equilibrium - idea in evolutionary biology that evolution proceeds in long periods of no change (stasis) followed by relatively brief periods (hundreds of thousands of years) of rapid change grouping in 5 kingdom classification - Kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species 5 kingdoms - -monera -protista -fungi
Science (5005) questions and answers
-plantae -animalia
