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EMBALMING ACTUAL EXAM WITH
CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST 2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
Permissible Exposure limit ( PEL) - ANSWERS-The maximum legal limits established by OSHA for regulated substances; these are based on employee exposure that are time-weighted over an 8 hour work shift; when these limits are exceeded, employers must take proper steps to reduce employee exposure; for formaldehyde, the PEL is .75 ppm
Short term exposure limit (STEL) - ANSWERS-Legal limits established by OSHA to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without damage or injury exposures at the STEL should not be for more than 15 minutes and not repeated more than 4 times per work day.
Time weighted Average (TWA) - ANSWERS-An evaluation of exposures that are time-weighted over an established period; it allows the exposure levels to be averaged generally over an 8 hour time period
Medical removal Protection - ANSWERS-1. employees suffering from different formaldehyde exposures, must be moved to jobs w/ less exposure
- employee benefits can continue for up to 6 months or until there physician determines employee will not ever be able to return.
Specific Requirements by OSHA (MUST HAVES IN PREP ROOM) - ANSWERS-Eye wash station.
Quick drench shower
record keeping
Exposure determination by monitoring
Temporary Preservation - ANSWERS-the science of treating the body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition.
Restoration - ANSWERS-Treatment of the deceased in the attempt to recreate natural form and color.
OSHA - ANSWERS-Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment.
Vascular Embalming - ANSWERS-The use of the blood vascular system of the body for temporary preservation, disinfection and restoration; accomplished through
Legal consideration for embalming - ANSWERS-Authorization to embalm (MUST GET IT) PREFERABLY IN WRITING.
VERBAL PERMISSION: ok for temporary measures but must try to get in writing as soon as possible.
WRITTEN PERMISSION: Try for written Permission at the removal,If unable try at the arrangement conference and if still not able just note who gave permission and when.
Authorization for procedure other then embalming.
(MUST GET WRITTEN PERMISSION ) - ANSWERS-1)Autopsy:Coroner or M.E. can do without permission
2)Organ, tissue donation.
3)Major Restoration
4)Removal of medical devices
5)Cremation
Identification Procedures - ANSWERS-1)DEAD HUMAN REMAINS: DNA best possible source.
2)PERSONAL EFFECTS: is a clue, not conclusive.Worst possible source of ID
3)BLOOD SAMPLE;with proper written authorization.
4)FINGERPRINTS with proper written authorization
5)PHOTO with proper authorization
6)NEXT OF KIN or AGENT to ID body
CALL POLICE FIRST - ANSWERS-Responsibility to report certain observations concerning situations inconsistent with presumed cause of death
Medical Examiner - ANSWERS-An official elected or appointed to investigate suspicious or unnatural deaths. they do not do Inquests.
Coroner - ANSWERS-An official of a local community who holds inquests concerning sudden, violent ,and unexplained deaths.
Preparation Room - ANSWERS-that area or facility wherein embalming, dressing, Cosmetizing, or other body preparation are effected
Limited Admission into the prep room - ANSWERS-1)Licensed funeral service professionals and registered trainees.
2)Those Authorized by the family
3)Those authorized by law
PPE - ANSWERS-personal protective equipment
personal protective equipment worn in the prep room. - ANSWERS-By law you must wear gloves and apron/gown or an alternative cover.
A) rubber or latex gloves
B) Gown/Apron/ alternative cover.
C)shoe covers
Primary Disinfection - ANSWERS-carried out prior to the embalming process.
Concurrent Disinfection - ANSWERS-carried out during the embalming process.
Terminal Disinfection - ANSWERS-Disinfection and decontamination measures of the body after the embalming. including cleaning machine, instruments and prep room.
general duty clause - ANSWERS-Each employer has a general duty to furnish each employee a place of employment free from recognized hazards that cause or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm
hazardous communication standard - ANSWERS-OSHA regulation that deals with Identifying and limiting exposure to occupational hazards.
Must have: MSDS (Material safety Data sheet)-2 copies:prep room and office.
Hazardous material labeling - ANSWERS-required by manufacturers on each container with:
name of chemical.
identity of the hazardous chemical.
appropriate hazardous warnings.
name & address of manufacturer.
5)Employee information and training.
Formaldehyde Rule - ANSWERS-OSHA 29 CFR 1910, 1048 regulation limiting the amount of occupation exposure to formaldehyde exposure,colorless, strong smelling gas that when used in solution is a powerful preservative and disinfectant, a potential occupational carcinogen.
Acute affects of formaldehyde - ANSWERS-1)Ingestion (swallowing) Causes throat irritation , highly poisonous and will cause death.
- Inhalation (breathing) Irritates upper respiratory with inflammation to the nose,throat and lungs.
3)Skin (Dermal) causing dry, cracking and scaling dermatitis and skin sensitization.
Chronic effects of formaldehyde - ANSWERS-1)Carcinogenicity: Potential cancer in human lungs, Nasopharynx and nasal passages.
2)Toxicity:may result in respiratory impairment such as asthma and bronchitis.
3)Mutagenicity: Genotoxic in several in-vitro tests showing properties of mutation.
Signs and symptoms of over exposure to formaldehyde. - ANSWERS-*at 100 ppm Immediately dangerous to life and health
.*Irritation of mucosa of the eyes,nose and throat above 0.1 ppm.
closed system drainage - ANSWERS-Drainage procedure that limits the exposure of the embalmer to the drainage. Tubing is attached to a drain tube allowing drainage to flow directly from a vein into a sanitary disposal system; tubing may also be attached to a trocar and aspirator allowing drainage to be taken from the right atrium of the heart to the sanitary disposal system.
house keeping - ANSWERS-* Neutralize and clean spills immediately
Label covered disposal container
Use red bags for hazardous waste.
Consult local Hazardous waste disposal regulation.
********ANNUAL TRAINING IS REQUIRED.**********
Blood-borne pathogen standard - ANSWERS-OSHA developed written exposure control plan, and updated annually, to minimize or eliminate employee exposure to blood borne pathogens, identifying all employees who have occupational exposure to blood or potentially infectious materials such as semen, vaginal secretions, and other body fluids, provide hepatits B vaccine free of charge to all employees who have occupational exposure, and obtain a written release form signed by any employee who does not want the vaccine, prove PPE, provide adequate handwashing facilities and supplies,ensure that worksite is maintained in a clean sanitary condition, follow measures for immediate decontamination of any surface that comes in contact with blood or infectious materials and dispose waste correctly, enforce no eating drinking etc rules, provide appropriate containers that are color coded, post signs at entrance to work areas that there is exposure to biohazardous materials, provide confidential medical evaluation and follow up for any employee who has exposure incident, provide training about regulations and all biohazards to all employees at no cost during working hours.
Aerosolization - ANSWERS-To disperse as an aerosol; minute particles of blood and water become atomized and suspended in air when water under pressure meets the blood drainage or when flushing an uncovered flush sink.
legal necessity for embalming - ANSWERS-*Died from a communicable disease.
*transporting across state lines.
*Burial not taking place with in 24 hours and having public Calling hours.
Terms associated with death - ANSWERS-*THANATOLOGY: the study of death.
MORIBUND: In a Dying state , period immediately before somatic death.
DEATH RATTLE: noise made by a the moribund person caused by air passing though a residue of mucous in the trachea.
DEATH STRUGGLE : The semi-convulsive twitches that often occur just before death.
CADAVERIC SPASM : a prolongation of the last violent contraction of the muscles into the rigidity of death; instantaneous rigor-mortis.
*APPARENT DEATH: condition in which the manifestation of life are feebly maintained, very faint.
*HUMAN REMAINS: body of a deceased person Including cremated remains.
- CADAVER (legal term) : dead human body used for medical purposes: Donated to science is the term used when talking with family.
*CREMATED HUMAN REMAINS: the by product of a cremation.
legally dead - ANSWERS-No brain activity.
Decubitus ulcers - ANSWERS-Bedsores or pressure sores caused by pressure over bony prominence on the body. They are caused by a lack of blood flow to an area, occurs in bedridden patients.
Gangrene - ANSWERS-Necrosis, death of tissues of part of the body usually due to deficient or absent blood supply.( there are 3 types of gangrene )
*WET
*DRY
*GAS
Necrobiosis - ANSWERS-Antemortem, physiological death/life of the cells of the body followed by their replacement. Most cells in the body are completely replaced every 14 years.
Postmortem - ANSWERS-After death. period that begins after somatic death
signs of death - ANSWERS-*Decomposition: Advanced. single best way to tell.
*Cessation of circulation: Stethoscope,pulse or liver mortis
*Cessation of respiration : Mirror test under nose,poor test.
*complete muscle relaxation Dead body cant rest in a position.
*ALGOR MORTIS - The cooling of the body AFTER DEATH.
*RIGOR MORTIS- stiffening of the body's muscles. PH might be as low as 5 or 6 very acidic.
*LIVOR MORTIS-Cadaveric Lividity; postmortem, intravascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood.
Changes in the eyes - ANSWERS-*Clouding of the cornea -occurs almost immediately
*loss of luster of conjunctiva- mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white portion of the eye turns gray at death
.
*flattening of the eye ball-approx 4 hours after death caused by loss of pressure in the eye.
*pupil dilation -no response to light.
Tests for death - ANSWERS-Any procedure used to prove a sign of death:
EXPERT TEST FOR DEATH
*Stethoscope:A delicate instrument used to detect almost inaudible sounds produced in the body.
- Ophthamoscope: Instrument use to look in the ear/eye for pupil response and retina blood flow.
*Thermal changes:
AGONAL ALGOR: Decrease in body temp Immediately BEFORE DEATH.
. AGONAL FEVER: Increase in body temp immediately BEFORE DEATH.
*BLOOD CHANGES:
Hypostasis: settling of the blood and or other fluids to dependent portions of the body.
CONGEALING:(coagulation) the process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde.
AGGLUTINATION: (intravascular) the increase of viscosity of blood brought about by the clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels. AGGLUTINATION is a specific form of coagulation.
MOISTURE CHANGES ( BEFORE DEATH)
*EDEMA: Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities.
*AGONAL EDEMA: Escape of blood serum from an intravascular to an extravascular location immediately BEFORE DEATH.
*AGONAL DEHYDRATION: the loss of moisture from the living body during the agonal state.
*ANTEMORTEM SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA: before death, air edema under the skin( hospital induced edema) caused by cells expanding and stretching out of shape usually due to a respirator pumping air into the body.
*DRY GANGRENE: A body part that dies has little blood flow and remains aseptic.( arteries are obstructed not the veins)
*WET GANGRENE: Necrotic tissue that is moist as a result of inadequate venous drainage, usually accompanied by bacterial infection.
- *GAS GANGRENE : Necrosis in a wound infected by an anaerobic gas forming bacillus, most common agent being clostridium perfringens.(post mortem called tissue gas)
THERAPEUTIC AGENTS:
*Usually causing an elevated preservative demand. almost all therapeutic agents contain nitrogen.
*blood thinners: prevent clotting of blood. *Antibiotics : does not harm the embalming process.
Postmortem changes - ANSWERS-PHYSICAL CHANGES: (AFTER DEATH)
*ALGOR MORTIS: postmortem cooling of the body to the surrounding area.
*POSTMORTEM CALORICITY: The rise in temp after death due to continued cellular metabolism. usually found in cases of sudden death.
*INTRINSIC FACTORS :from within the body *CORPULENCE (obesity) Having an abnormal amount of fat on the body. *TEMPERATURE OF PATIENT AT THE TIME OF DEATH *EXTRINSIC FACTORS: from outside the body.
IMBIBITION: tissues absorbing the fluid portion of the blood after death causing postmortem edema.
Chemical changes after death. - ANSWERS-*DECOMPOSITION: Chemical change in which a substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances.
*AUTOLYSIS: decomposition of tissue by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance. self destruction of cells.
*Lysosomes:Cell organelle existing within a cell but separate from the cell, filled with enzymes needed to break down proteins and certain carbohydrates within the cell.
*ENZYME: A substance produced by living organisms that acts as a catalyst to bring about autolytic decomposition.
*FERMENTATION :Bacterial decomposition of
carbohydrates which break down sugar.
*SACCHAROLYSIS: Decomposition of sugars. *PROTEOLYSIS: Decomposition of proteins.
*PUTREFACTION: The decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes of ANAEROBIC bacteria.
- ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION: Decomposition WITH OUT oxygen. Many bacteria can carry out respiration without using oxygen. Decomposition under these conditions produces gases and other wastes that would not be present in aerobic decomposition.
*DECAY :Decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes of AEROBIC bacteria
*AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION:decomposition in the presents of oxygen.
*LIPOLYSIS: Decomposition of fats.
*HYDROLYSIS: A chemical reaction that involves splitting a compound into two or more other compounds through the addition of water.
* DESQUAMATION: SKIN SLIP : SLOUGHING OFF OF THE EPIDERMIS.
Products of decomposition - ANSWERS-*AMINO ACIDS: building blocks of which proteins are constructed.
- FATTY ACIDS: A product of decomposition of fats.
END PRODUCTS OF DECOMPOSITION.
