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EMS 1059 FINAL EXAM FORUM - Emergency Care
AAOS 10th Edition Questions And Answers
What are ALS and BLS skills? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Basic life support BLS is a noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat medical conditions, including airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest, this includes CPR. BLS differs from Advanced life support ALS, which involves advanced lifesaving procedures, such as cardiac monitoring, administration of intravenous fluids, and use of advanced airway adjuncts. (Page 413-414) Who are laypeople? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -those in the workplace; Teachers, coaches, child care providers, etc. People who regularly accompany groups on trips to remote locations. BLS/CPR & Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are used by laypeople. (Page 12) Standing orders - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Written documents, signed by the E.M.S. system's medical director, that outline specific directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care; are part of protocols. It is an offline (indirect) medical control. (Pg 136, 17) Medical direction - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Each E.M.S. system has a physician medical director who authorizes E.M.T.'s to provide medical care in the field. Appropriate care is described in standing orders and protocols. Medical care can be off-line (indirect) or online (direct). (Pg 16) What does Online and Offline mean? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Medical control is either off-line (indirect) and online (direct) as authorized by the medical director. Online consists of direction given over the phone or radio directly from the medical director or designated physician. Off-line medical control consists of standing orders, training, and supervision authorized by the medical director. (Page 16-17)
What is E.M.S.? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The emergency medical services (E.M.S.) system consists of health care professionals who, in each area or jurisdiction, are responsible for and provide emergency care and transportation to the sick and injured. (Page 5) Talk about Continuing education. - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -You must assume responsibility for directing your own study and learning. As an EMT, you will be required to attend a certain number of hours of continuing education approved for EMT's each year to maintain, update, and expand your knowledge and skills. (Page 16, 17, 18, 20) Once certified , you are obliged to conform to the standards that are generally recognized nationally by various registry groups and provide an important link in nationwide EMS. (Page 90) Negligence - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Negligence is the failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training would provide on the same or similar situation. All four of the following elements must be present for negligence to apply: Duty, Breach of duty, Damages, and Causation. (Page 90) What is consent? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A person receiving care must give permission, or consent, for treatment. There are four types of consent, Expressed consent, Implied consent, Involuntary consent, and Minors and consent. Consent is permission to render care. (Page 79,80, 102) DNR - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A do not resuscitate (DNR) order is an advance directive written by a physician that gives permission not to resuscitate in the event of cardiac arrest. To be valid it needs to be within the expiration date, signed by one or more physicians, have the signature of the patient or legal guardian, and has a clear statement of the patient's medical problem(s). (pg
What is the good Samaritan law? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Most states have adopted the good Samaritan laws, which are based on the common law principle that when you reasonably help another person, you should not be liable for errors and omissions that are made in giving good faith emergency care. These do not necessarily protect you from a lawsuit. (Page 92) Dyspnea - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. (pg 475 )
Nitro - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Nitroglycerin is a medication that increases cardiac perfusion by causing the arteries to dilate. it relives the pain of angina. (Page 245,542) What is EPI? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -EPI stands for epinephrine and it can come in the form of an injectable pen. Epinephrine is a substance produced by the body called adrenaline, and it is also a drug produced by the pharmaceutical companies that increases the pulse rate and blood pressure of the patient. the drug of choice for a case of anaphylactic reaction. (Page 666) What is MDI? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -MDI stands for metered-dose inhaler. This is a miniature spray canister used to direct a substance through the mouth and into the lungs. An MDI delivers the same amount of medication each time. (Page 226) What is Glutose? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Glutose is the medication used which is really an oral Glucose gel substance carried by EMS, usually in tube form that can counteract the effects of hypoglycemia in the same way a candy bar or sweet drink can help, only this is faster. (Page
What is ASA? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -acetylsalicylic acid; Aspirin. A medication that is antipyretic (reduces fever), analgesic (reduces pain), anti-inflammatory, (reduces inflammation), and potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation or clumping. Prevents clots from happening or getting bigger. (Page 245) Describe the circulation of the heart. - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The Blood comes into the right atrium from the body and it moves into the right ventricle and is then pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After the blood picks up oxygen, in then travels back into the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and then out to the body's tissues through the aorta. (Page 525, 526) Risk factors of an AMI - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Major controllable factors are: cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, elevated blood glucose levels (diabetes), lack of exercise, and stress. Major risk factors that cannot be controlled are: older age, family Hx of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, and male sex.
CO2 (carbon dioxide) blocks what? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Carbon dioxide blocks the ability of the hemoglobin to transport oxygen to your body tissue. (Page 66) What are HIV facts? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -There is no vaccine to protect against HIV infection, and despite great progress in drug treatments, AIDS is still fatal. (Page 461) What is waterless hand-washing? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Use a waterless handwashing solution if there is no running water available. But make sure to wash your hands with soap and water once you arrive at the hospital. (Page 35) What are the stages of death and dying? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The five stages of grieving are: Denial Anger, hostility Bargaining Depression Acceptance Definitive or conclusive signs of death - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -decapitation (a body in parts). Dependent lividity, when the blood settles to the lowest point in the body which causes a discoloration of the skin. Rigor mortis, which is the stiffening of the body's muscles caused by chemical changes within muscle tissue. and Putrefaction (decomposition). What is the most effective way of stopping the spread of disease? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The single most effective way to prevent the spread of disease is to wash your hands with soap and water every time. (Page 35) What is the normal heart rate in an adult? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Normal resting heart rate (HR) is 60 to 100 beats/min. (Page 165) What is the normal respiratory rate in an adult? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -a normal respiratory rate is 12 to 20 breaths/minute. (Page 163)
What does OPQRST stand for? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A device that is very helpful in the assessment of pain, it stands for Onset, when did the problem begin, and what caused it? Provocation, does anything make it feel better or worse?, Quality In your own words can you describe this pain? Region/radiation, where does it hurt? does the pain move anywhere? Severity, on a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate your pain? and Timing, has the pain been constant or does it come and go? how long have you had the pain, when did it start? (Page 282) What is normal skin CTM? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Refers to normal skin color, temperature, and moisture; pink, warm, and dry. (Page 272-273) What does PEARRL mean? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The letters serve as a useful guide in assessing the pupils. They stand for Pupils, Equal, And, Round, Regular in size, Reactive to light. (Page 264-265) What is cyanosis? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -This is when the skin has a bluish gray skin tone that is caused by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood. (Page 312) What is diaphoresis? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -This is mostly characterized when we sweat profusely. (Page
bradycardia - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -This is a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute. (Page 272 ) Tachycardia - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -In assessing the pulse rate in an adult patient, a rate that is greater than 100 beats per minute. (Page 272) What is bradypnea? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -a decrease in the respiratory rate; abnormally slow breathing rate. (Page 1161) What is tachypnea? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -This is an increase in the respiratory rate; very rapid respirations. (Page 1161) Cardiogenic shock - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Shock caused by inadequate function of the heart or pump failure. It develops when the heart cannot maintain sufficient output (cardiac output) to meet the demands of the body. A major effect is pulmonary edema. (Page 385)
What is septic shock? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Shock caused by severe infection usually a bacterial infection, in which toxins are generated by bacteria or by infected body tissues. It is almost always a complication of a very serious illness, injury, or surgery. (Page 410) What is neurogenic shock? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Usually the result of damage to the spinal cord, particularly at the upper cervical levels, and may cause significant injury to the part of the nervous system that controls the size and muscular tone of the blood vessels. (Page 387) What is psychogenic shock? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Shock caused by sudden temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting or syncope. (Page 410) What is hypovolemic shock? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Result of an inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the system; shock caused by fluid or blood loss. (Page 410) What is hemorrhagic shock? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -This falls under hypovolemic shock it's a result of inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the system. Injuries may result in hemorrhagic shock while vomiting and diarrhea result in non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock. (Page 348) What is anaphylactic shock? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Also known as anaphylaxis, occurs when a person reacts violently to a substance to which he or she has been sensitized. (Page 387) What is respiratory shock? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A Severe life-threatening medical condition of widespread inflammation in the lungs. (Page 388) type one diabetes - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Type 1 patients do not produce insulin. They need daily injections of insulin, it typically develops during childhood.Patients more likely to have metabolic problems and organ damage. It is considered an autoimmune problem. (pg 622) Type two diabetes - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Type 2 patients produce inadequate amounts of insulin, or normal amount that does not function effectively. It usually appears later in life. Treatment may be diet, exercise, oral medications, or insulin. (pg 622) Hypoglycemia - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A state in which blood glucose is below normal. Untreated, results in unresponsiveness and hypoglycemic crisis. (pg 624)
Heat Exhaustion - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Most common illness caused by heat, causes include: Heat exposure, Stress, Fatigue, and Hypovolemia as the result of the loss of water and electrolytes. (Pg 1070) Hyperthermia - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A high core temperature, usually 101°F (38.3°C) or higher. (Pg
Hypothermia - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Low temperature; When core temperature of the body, falls below 95°F (35°C). (Pg 1063) Substance abuse - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The misuse of any substance to produce a desired effect. (Pg
Opioids - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Any drugs or agents with actions similar to morphine. These agents are CNS depressants and can cause severe respiratory depression. (Pg 681) Routes of Poisoning - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Four avenues of poison: inhalation, absorption, ingestion, and injection. All routes of poisoning can be deadly (Page 671) DTs - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Delirium Tremens (DTs) is a severe withdrawal syndrome seen in alcoholics who may experience frightening hallucinations; characterized by restlessness, fever, sweating, disorientation, agitation, and seizures; can be fatal if untreated. (Pg 681) Behavioral Crisis - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Any reaction to events that interferes with the activities of daily living or has become unacceptable to the patient, family, or community. (Pg 702) Eclampsia - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -characterized by seizures that occur as a result of hypertension. (Pg
Preeclampsia - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Pregnancy-induced hypertension, that occurs most commonly in patients who are pregnant for the first time. (Pg 1111) Risk Factors for Suicide - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The single most significant factor that contributes to suicide is depression. Other factors include substance-abuse, a divorce, and family history. (Page
Abruptio Placenta - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -When the placenta separates prematurely from the walls of the uterus. (Pg 1112) Placenta Previa - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The placenta develops over and covers the cervix. (Pg 1112 ) Placenta - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A disc shaped structure, that is attached to the inner lining of the wall of the uterus and is connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. (Pg 1108) Umbilical Cord - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The lifeline of the fetus, connecting the women in the fetus through the placenta. Contains two arteries (carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus to the woman). and one vein (carries oxygenated blood from the woman to the fetus). (Page 1108) Amniotic Fluid - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Fluid that insulates and protects the fetus. (Pg 1108 ) Uterus - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The uterus is the female organ in which the fetus is expelled during childbirth. (Pg 1108) Imminent Birth - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The crowning of the babies head. (Pg 1118 ) What should you know about post delivery care of a newborn? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -As soon as the baby is born it should be dried off and immediately wrapped in a blanket or towel. (Pg 1123) Perfusion - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -The circulation of blood within an organ or tissue to meet the cells' needs for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal. (Pg 780) Hypoperfusion - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -When the system fails to provide sufficient circulation for every body part of the body to perform its function. (Pg 780) What are external bleeding control methods? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Methods available to control external bleeding; Direct, even pressure and elevation. Pressure dressings and/or splints. and Tourniquets. (Pg 788) Hematoma - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A mass of blood in the soft tissues beneath the skin. (Pg 783 ) Laceration - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -A jagged cut, caused by a sharp object or blunt force that tears the tissue. (Pg 809)
Compensatory mechanisms of heat and cold illnesses, hypo-perfusion in shock. - Answer ✔️ ✔️ - The body is always looking for homeostasis, so when it is in the early stages of shock the body will shiver to create heat when it is cold. (Page 1063) What is the differences between BLS vs ALS skills? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Basic life support our laypeople and EMTs. Advanced life support are paramedics. (Page 413-414) What are the normal ranges of glucose readings? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Normal ranges are 80 to 120 mg/dl What does the term standard of care mean? - Answer ✔️ ✔️ -Written levels of emergency care expected by reason of training and professionals. (Page 104)
