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An overview of radioimmunoassay (ria) in the context of thyroid abnormalities, detailing its use in hormone estimation and its competitive binding mechanism. It covers various thyroid conditions such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, along with their hormonal profiles. Additionally, the document discusses the role of cortisol in inflammation, the effects of aldosterone on metabolism, and the mechanism of insulin secretion. It also touches on diabetes mellitus, its types, and complications, as well as calcium and phosphate homeostasis regulated by hormones like pth and calcitonin. The document concludes with a discussion on growth curves, adh function, and thyroid hormone synthesis, offering a comprehensive look at endocrine functions and related disorders. Useful for medical students and healthcare professionals seeking a concise review of endocrine disorders and their diagnostic approaches.
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. Radioimmunoassay in^ thyroid abnormalites
for estimation (^) of hormones (^) , (^) proteins , drugs,
like (^) plasma ,^ wine^ I Of.
of competetive^ binding · components especific As (^) (against hormone to be (^) assayed) Radioactively labered^ hormone. · (^) It is^ labelled with -^ peptide hormone :^ radioactive iodine
, (^) Hydrogen Steps :- Radioactive (^) hormone is added to (^) known amount (^) of
↓ Sample hormone^ competes with^ radioactive^ hormone for Ab^ binding d Bound (^) radioactivity is measured In (^) inyroid hormone : - · B 4are usually measured^ by RIA.
TSHA (^) (feedback untibution) ·
· Pitary hyperthyroidism :^ Ts^ , T,^ TSH
9.^ Cretinism · When
· Maternal iodine deficiency (^) during pregnancy ·
IVL.
hormone (^) synthesis. · Antithyroid Ab (^) (maternal) (^) crossing (^) placenta · Hypopituitarism
Features : - ⑧Ham retard a · dwarf tongue · mentally retarded
,Pot^ belly ·
· protrusion of tongue · other # features of hypothyroidism^ · IIIS cold intolerance
fatigue · dry ,^ thick^ skin · hair loss (^) , alopecia · poor (^) memory · inability to^ concentrate · consupation--weight^ gain · thick I husky voice · yellow skin^ (thyronine causes^ arotene
· Important to^ prevent mental^ retardation^ S · (^) i replacement early in
· Usual treatment is prompt treplacement --
in (^) inflammation · anti-inflammatory &^
· Inflammation : response of^ tissue^ to injury Inflammatory responses
· (^) increased capillary permeability · migration (^) of granulocytes
·
mediators : - S prostaglanders , thrombonanes^ ,^ leukotrienes^ , kinins, histamine (^) , serotonin (^) , lymphokines ,^ Part^ (ptacle^ act factor)
list inhibits^ synthesis (^) of chemical^ mediators^ ofinfam.- It stimulates (^) synthesis of lipocortins ↓ Tnhibits phopholipase As ↓
for
CORTISOL Lipocortin Stabilises (^) lysosomal Inhibition (^) of most
↓ (^) d (^) ↓ Ophospho- I^ release^ of prote^
↓ (^) ↓ ↓ Irelease (^) of No (^) proteolytic ↓ vasoditation arachidonic (^) damage ↓ (^) capillary
-^ J^ permeability ↓ ↓^ inflammatory
medators on (^) leukocytes ↑ prod of^
d ↓ ↓ (^) chemotanis NF-B remains attached
↓ (^) - ↓ Leukocyte activity Inactivation^ of NF-B ↓ Inhibition (^) of gene transcription ↓ ↓ form of^ unflammatory
9 .Permissiveaction^ of glucocorticoids · Essential for physiological actions^ of other^ hormones
Vasopressor (^) GLUCATION &^ CATECHOLS
F ↑^ -^ Development (^) of effects of mammary gland CATECHOLAMINES (^) Permissive (^) during puberty
[ -^ lipolitic (^) effects Development (^) of ↓^ of CATECHOLAMINES hepatic enzyme Surfactant^ syn. systems infetal lung maturation of lungs in^ IL Q. Aldosterone^ escape.
by which (^) body prevents edema (^) despite (^) high aldosterone levels ↑ (^) salt I water (^) reabsorption by
~
Quenous return^ causing distension^ of atria
↑ (^) synthesis I secretion (^) of ANDfrom atrial^ myocytes ↓
↓
(iii) Fat^ Metabolism · lipolysis ,
plasma level^ of
· (^) thus (^) promotes Ketogenesis · so (^) provides
influences cone^ of various^ electrolytes :
Plasma ca
by I^ absorption^ from^ 41744VitD effect · Natretention ·^ - mainous Ef volume (^) indirecting (^) by TRAAS (^) & &Ap
plasma (^) phosphate by
reabsorptionfrom proximal tubules g.^ Mechanism^ of insulin^ secretion. · It is influenced (^) by plasma (^) glu come. " ·^ &
Plasma (^) Glucose n
· Linear rise in 50-300mg% Insul seeh · (^) Below 50 mg o^
mgolo : (^) no extra so iso (^25050) 7 secretion. Plasma (^) gue
It (^) occurs in I (^) phases
rapid (^) phase (^) of insulin^ see"in response to^ plasma (^) glu. · Due to release of already^ synthesied^
Second Phase (^) Response In the next ⑮ phase, ↑ (^) plasma insulin (^) occurs (^) slonely d reaches peak
↓
for 3-5h.
response
of insulinsyn^
g.^ Hormones^ of Pancreas · Pancreas (^) is a mixed gland.
· anabolic hormone (d blood (^) que) · promotes (^) que uptake into^ muscles^ I^ adiposeissues by ↑^ GLUT4^ activity . · glycogenesis ,^ lipogenesis^ ,^ protein synthesis
Regulation : - +: ↑ (^) bloodgue
hormones
by :^ Xcells functions :^ - · catabolic hormone (^) (4 blood gu) · ⑦
Regulation :
glu ,^ ↑an^ ,^ Sympathetic^ Stimula^ (viapre)
(ii) Somatomedin
by : (^) Scells
effect to^ ⑦^ both^ insulin^ /guragon Regulation : - +: ↑ blood (^) que , an (^) , (^) ta · acts as feedback inhibitor^
Secreted (^) by :^ PP^ cells
pancreatic
⑨.^ Diabetes^ Mellitus
of cells^
sensity of insuin^ receptors
,^ there^ is^ state^ of starvation^ inthe midst (^) of (^) plenty Pq4- (^) hyperglycemia (^) , but tessie^ cannot^ utilise^ you dre
deficiency/resistance^ -^ cellular^ starvation
(i) (^) Neuropathy : (iv) Atheroscleros due to^ I^ plasma IDL (v) Chronic^ ulcer^ &^ diabelie^ foot due^ to^ d^ immunity due^ to hyperglycemia neuropathy . g.^ Cushing^ syndrome ·
causes:^ tumour^ of adrenal^ corten steroid (^) administration
adrenal (^) hyperplasia,Humours
(i) (^) Entripetal (^) obesity
deposited more^ in^ abdomen^ I^ upper back ·
I (^) inter scapular (^) region^. (ii) Moon^ face · round faceI red (^) checks
(iii) (^) fatigue , weanness (iv) hirswism^ &^ amenorrhea (vi) (^) hypertension · water accumulation (^) (excess glucocorticoids has mincraescorticoid activity .
in (^) abdomen causes stretching (^) of skin.
protein catabolism^. · capillaries on shin (^) become thinI fragile . · so minor injuries cause^ exchymoses^ &^ bruises .
myopathy · legs become^ thin due (^) to proteolysis inshetal
(iv) Poor^ wound (^) healing ·
· decreased
glu intolerance (^) ,^ DM. (i)
· ↓ bone mineralisa I d bone (^) mass
9
reflex
regulatory mechanisms · heep
(i) (^) Baroreceptor (^) refeen
,^ aorticarch^ (stretch^ receptors) PATHWA : Afferents via (^) IX4X- (^) medullary CV (^) centres
vasodilation
BP-sympathetic-4tR , vasoconstriction (ii) Chemoreceptor^ Reflex
,^ 4C2^ , Apt
· RESPONSE : respiratory stimulation (iii) CNS^ Eschaemic^ Response
↑^ BP
right atrial^ pressure RECEPTORS : Stretch (^) receptors in RA.
vagal
suddenly? · as they supress^ the^
cause acute (^) adrenal (^) insufficiency which^ is efe threatening . long term^ geucocortico use^ I^ CrH1^ ACTH d
↓ sudden (^) stoppage - body cannotproduce^ enough^ cortisol ↓ hypotension , (^) hypoglycemia ,^ shock · So , it^ is^ gradually withdrawnto^ allow^ HPA^ anis^ recovery g. Increased^ G-protein activity causes^ acromegaly yproteins ·
signal transduction · from
tointracewar effect ,^ hormonal^ response
·^ L^ :^ binds (^) GDP (^) >P & possesses intrinsic^ GTPase^ activity · B 4V : (^) Stable (^) dimer (^) (BV complex) that^ can^ modulate