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The laws of thermodynamics and energy transformations. It describes the two laws of thermodynamics and the concept of entropy. It also explains the different forms of energy, including kinetic, potential, and chemical energy. the role of ATP in cellular energy transfer and the different types of inhibition in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. diagrams and equations to illustrate the concepts.
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Ving
cell
apples energy
a Monism's
chemicalrains
transforms matter
t
subject to
Transenegy from
food via
cellular
the laws
of
thermodynamics
espiration
makeATP
ist law of Thermodynamics
Energy
cannot
created or destroyed
converted
one
formto
another
amount
of energy
in
universe
is
constant
During
each conversion
some
energy
is
as heat
second
Law
of
Thermodynamics
Entropy
disorder is
continuously increasing
Energy
transformations proceed
SPONTANEOUSLY to
convert
matter
a more ordered
less
form
to
stable form
ENERGiYm
ability
to
1 kinetic Energy
cinema
thIing
Mechanical energy
moving
molecules
past
each
other
moving
charged
particles
Potential
Energy
energy
matter possesses
ble
or structure
f
spring
energy
PE
in
chemical
forrelease
in
a chemical
transfer
io
8
to
ba
concentration
stored energy is
released
Electrical potential when the
bonds are
broken
Energy
msn.net
cellular
Endergonic
Ran
requires
input
glucose
oxygen
e
p
6002
Colt 206
t 60
carbon
not
spontaneous
mommy
e
end
Energy
Exergue
Rn
e
3
d
do
higher
than
seat
releaseenergy
i
spontaneous
Exergonic
muggy
PE
3
8,
ws
than
stat
release
E
Endegonic
ran require
INPUT
of
energy
provided
by
of
1
1
o
g
All
On PE in Atp
Adenosine
Triphosphate
Jose
ATP
couples endergonic to exergonic
rxns
The
bonds
btwn
phosphate groups
of
ATP's tail
broken
by
hydrolysis energy
is
released
y
É
Phosphate
is
transferred
to
another
molecule
I
I.jo o.g
o
jÉÉ
hydrolysis
E phosphorylation
by
kinases
e.g
tyrosine
kinase
is
metonymy
Kinases
Ifnagittomimal
temp
apt
to find'm
Can
denature
A
metabolic
pathway
is a chain
of
inns
ayyy
begins a
specific molecule
ends
n
a
product
agittmpsin
pepsin
stomachenzyme
II
pom
enzyme
É
D
D D D
É
I
2 3
pi
s
o s s
to
metabolic
pathways may
b
optimal
for 2 enzymes
be
catabolic
or
anabolic
Catabolic
release
energy
by
breaking
down
complexmolecules
into simpler
compounds
Exereonic
ex cellular
respiration
Anabolic
Consume
energy
tobuild complex
moleculesfrom
simpler
Ones ENDERGONIC
ex synthesis
of
protein from
amino acids
Cofactors
enzyme
helpers
for enzyme
to
work
May
e.g
metal in
ionic
form
or
organic
An organic
cofactor is
called
a coenzyme
ex vitamins
NegatinfeedbacktolontolBiochenialRas
1
Competitive
inhibition
inhibits
by
binding
to
active site
so
substrate cannot
Noncompetitive
Inhibition
Does
site changes
Shape
of enzyme
so
substrate
goes
n a
Allosteric
Inhibition
Substrate
binds
ul
enzymes
made
productenough
binding
of
Substrate
to enzyme
less
product
made