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Energy of Life + Enzymes Study Notes, Study notes of Biology

Pennsylvania State University - BeaverBiology

The laws of thermodynamics and energy transformations. It describes the two laws of thermodynamics and the concept of entropy. It also explains the different forms of energy, including kinetic, potential, and chemical energy. the role of ATP in cellular energy transfer and the different types of inhibition in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. diagrams and equations to illustrate the concepts.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Available from 03/17/2023

melanie-chuu
melanie-chuu 🇺🇸

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bg1
Vingcell
apples energy toperform work
daMonism's chemicalrains
transforms matter tenergy subject to
Transenegyfromfood via cellular
the laws of thermodynamics
espiration to makeATP
ist law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
only converted from one formto another
Total amount of energy in the universe is constant
During each conversion someenergy is lost as heat
second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy disorder is continuously increasing
Energytransformations proceed SPONTANEOUSLY to convert
matter from amore ordered less stable form to aless
orderedmore stable form
ENERGiYm ability to do work morematter
1kinetic Energy associated with motion
at cinema thIing
Mechanicalenergy moving
molecules pasteachother
Electrical energy moving charged particles
2PotentialEnergy stored energy that matter possesses
ble of its location or structure f
spring
Chemicalenergy PE in chemical bonds available
forrelease in achemical An transfer
io
8toba
concentration gradients
stored
energy
is
released
Electrical potential when
the
bonds
are
broken
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Energy of Life + Enzymes Study Notes and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Ving

cell

apples energy

to perform work

d

a Monism's

chemicalrains

transforms matter

t

energy

subject to

Transenegy from

food via

cellular

the laws

of

thermodynamics

espiration

to

makeATP

ist law of Thermodynamics

Energy

cannot

be

created or destroyed

only

converted

from

one

formto

another

Total

amount

of energy

in

the

universe

is

constant

During

each conversion

some

energy

is

lost

as heat

second

Law

of

Thermodynamics

Entropy

disorder is

continuously increasing

Energy

transformations proceed

SPONTANEOUSLY to

convert

matter

from

a more ordered

less

stable

form

to

a less

orderedmore

stable form

ENERGiYm

ability

to

do work morematter

1 kinetic Energy

associated

with motion

at

cinema

thIing

Mechanical energy

moving

molecules

past

each

other

Electrical

energy

moving

charged

particles

Potential

Energy

stored

energy

that

matter possesses

ble

of its location

or structure

f

spring

Chemical

energy

PE

in

chemical

bonds

available

forrelease

in

a chemical

An

transfer

io

8

to

ba

concentration

gradients

stored energy is

released

Electrical potential when the

bonds are

broken

Energy

I

jÉ

msn.net

cellular

Endergonic

Ran

requires

input

of

energy

glucose

oxygen

e

p

6002

Colt 206

t 60

carbon

not

spontaneous

mommy

e

iihf

end

Energy

Exergue

Rn

em

e

t.gg

3

d

do

higher

than

seat

releaseenergy

i

spontaneous

Exergonic

muggy

PE

3

8,

ws

than

stat

release

E

Endegonic

ran require

INPUT

of

energy

provided

by

ATP

of

1

1

o

g

All

cells depend

On PE in Atp

Adenosine

Triphosphate

Jose

ATP

couples endergonic to exergonic

rxns

The

bonds

btwn

phosphate groups

of

ATP's tail

are

broken

by

hydrolysis energy

is

released

y

É

Phosphate

is

transferred

to

another

molecule

I

I.jo o.g

o

jÉÉ

hydrolysis

E phosphorylation

by

kinases

e.g

tyrosine

kinase

is

metonymy

Kinases

are ENZYMES

Ifnagittomimal

temp

apt

to find'm

Can

denature

A

metabolic

pathway

is a chain

of

inns

ayyy

begins a

specific molecule

ends

n

a

product

agittmpsin

pepsin

stomachenzyme

II

pom

enzyme

É

D

D D D

É

I

2 3

pi

s

o s s

to

metabolic

pathways may

b

optimal

pit

for 2 enzymes

be

catabolic

or

anabolic

Catabolic

release

energy

by

breaking

down

complexmolecules

into simpler

compounds

Exereonic

ex cellular

respiration

Anabolic

Consume

energy

tobuild complex

moleculesfrom

simpler

Ones ENDERGONIC

ex synthesis

of

protein from

amino acids

Cofactors

are nonprotein

enzyme

helpers

must be present

for enzyme

to

work

May

be inorganic

e.g

metal in

ionic

form

or

organic

An organic

cofactor is

called

a coenzyme

ex vitamins

NegatinfeedbacktolontolBiochenialRas

1

Competitive

inhibition

b

inhibits

by

binding

to

active site

tighter

so

substrate cannot

bind

Noncompetitive

Inhibition

Does

not

bind

at actus

site changes

site

Shape

of enzyme

so

that

substrate

goes

n a

Allosteric

Inhibition

Substrate

binds

ul

enzymes

proanit

made

productenough

inhibit

binding

of

Substrate

to enzyme

less

product

made