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first law of thermo - ansenergy is conserved energy exists in many forms mechanical energy: formula for wind - ansp= (1/2) ro * A * v^ thermal energy - ansmeasurment of heat at macroscopic level heat capacity - ansability of a particulat mat to store energy electrical energy formula for V formula for power - ansV= IR P= VI P= I^2 R chemical energy - ansresponsible for > 80% energy consumption atomic energy formual - ansE= MC^ second law of thermo - ansentropy of a system increases entropy manifests itself through inefficiences carnot efficieny formula - ansn= 1 - (Tcold/ T hot) total efficieny is a product of what - ansproduct of individual efficiences at each stop Energy uses What % petroleum nat gas coal renewables/ nuclear - anspetroleum 33% nat gas 21% coal 27% renewables / nuclear >19% when did energy consumption per captia peak when did it begin to decrease - anslate 1970-2009 peak decrease in 2015 to 303 million btu/ person/ yr Texas consumption of enegry vs rest of USA - anstexas is more than any other state by 13 quads / year 40% more than 2nd runner up: cali texas is not highest per capita higher per capita = wyoming , louisana, alaska, ND, iowa (all agiculutre hubs) energy and wealth... rest of the world - ansiceland baharain canada.... all consume more per capita than usa USA in 2015 total domestic production energy imported exported residential commerical industrial trans - anstotal domestic production energy 85 quads imported 23 quads
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exported 13 residential 21 commerical 18 industrial 31 trans 27 resources and end use petroluem--> Trans, industry, res and comm nat gas--> elec power, industry, res and comm coal--> nuclear--> - anspetroluem--> Trans 72% industry 23% res and comm 4% nat gas--> elec power 33% industry 33% res and comm 33 % coal--> elec power 91% nuclear--> 100% electrcity 38 quads of energy produces how much electricity - ans4000 million kWh 98 quads of energy consumed in USA distribution - ans39 quads in useful energy 59 quads = wasted heat gloabal energy consumes energy through 4 techs - anssteam turbine (converts more than 30 quads of primary energy) gas turbiine (consumes 9 quads) gas enginer diesel engine all these are responsible for 60% of all energy consumptoin invented in 1800s reject 60 quads enegy services= 40 quads convential fossil fuels unconventional - anscoal nat gas liquid petroluem coal to liquids: coal petroleum from sands, tar sand:petroleum oil shales: petroleum shale oil:petroleum heavy oils: petroleum nat gas from shale coalbed methane: NG gas to liquids: NG
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35 - 45% c age > 100 million years mostly electricity alot in WY lignite 25 - 35 c high moisture content -->low energy density abundant in TX and ND --> afforadbale prices there largest coal reserve - ansin usa 267 billion short tons tradeoffs of coal pros of coal - ansextraction incurs land disturbance combustion is carbon intensive --> climate change concern combustion releases heavy metals / other pollutants dirtied than other fossil fuels abundant domestic cheap easy to store price is less expensive and less volitale than oil and gas --> major advantage for energy companies cause can invest in power plant do no need to import can export end use of coal - ansmainly to fuel electric sector overall production / consumption of coal in us started to decline in 2010 extracting coal - ansunderground mining : decrease harm to environment... increase danger to miners surface mining sources of coal have shifter ___ since what decade - answestward, 1970s methods for removing sulfur from coal combustion - ansscrub smoke stack use clean burning, low sulfur coal nat gas uses - anscleanest fossil fuel coolring heating electricity production feed stock for plastics and fertilizers how is nat gas sold - ansst pressure CNG LNG CNG - anscompressed nat gas LNG - ansliquified nat gas
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pros and tradeoffs nat gas - ansclean comparable to coal and petrolem domestic abundant relatively afforable resource flexibility full life cycle bad for envrionemt requires lots of h2o flaring and fugitive emissions volitale prices leaks : methane leaks might undo good of displacing coal as methane is much more potent safery concern can cause explosins associated gas - ansof 31.9 trillion ft^3 extracted in 2014, 5.7 Tcf was asscoaited gas ( colocated with oil reserves) used to be flare flaring grew with oil boom in 2010s Tcf - anstrillion cubic feet liquid of energy non associated gas - ansadditional 14 Tcf non assoc gas procuded from reserved of ind oil gas isolated from markets-- standard gas shale gas- gas trapped within pours of shale coal gas- gas associated with coal deposits how is nat gas priduced - ansanaerobic decomposition of org mats makes RNG bio gas and biomethane RNG - ansrenewable nat gas history of nat gas - ansuntil 1970 USA produced all it needed.. then demand > production 2008 production increase alot so imports dwindled what does industrial and transportation residential/ commerical sector use nat gas for - ansindustrial: source of process heat and feedstock for mats trans: operating pipeline compressors residential / commerical cooling and heating osicallates with econominc growth and recession how much nat gas did usa consume in 2014 how much residential:
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petrol used to be used for power sector but in 1970s after energy crisis many concluded energy was too valuable to rely on insecure fuel --> now less then 1% sulfur content crude oil vocab - anssweet: low sulfur... cleaner sour crude: high sulfur light oil : flows easily (easier to refine) industrial consumers prefer light and sweet pros of petroleum - anshigh gravimetric energy density (energy density/ unit mass) high volumetrci density (energy/ unit volume) AKA small amount have alot of E stable (able to be stored) convient boiling and freezing points (stays Liquid) petroleum components - anslack purity 75 - 85% paraffin and isomers 13 - 22 aromatics <3 olefins <1 iteteroatoms upstream sector - ansexploration and production (E&P) midstream - ansoil storage and transportation downstream - ansrefineries transform crude into refined product petrochemical sector - ansconsidered 4th market sector for petroleum how many oil refineries - ans> refining process - ansoverall capacity= 18 mmbd each 42 gallon blue barrel expands to 44 gallon before leaving refinery (processing gain)... like popcorn mass stays the same but Volume increases for each barrell that enters refinery on avg us produces - ans20 gallons gas 10 gallons diesl smaller % kerosene, jet fuels, residual fuel oils of 19 mmbd consumed annually petroluem - ans9 mmbd gas 4 mmbd diesel 6 mmbd derivative products layers of petroleum barrell - anstop= lighter produt, lighter gasoline middle distillates: jet fuel, kerosene, diesel bottom: tars, asphalt, waxes most important form of unconvential fossil fuel - ansunconventional gas production from shale formations with hydraulic fracturing who is dominant in shale production what type where spefically why was this possible - ansUSA north texas first tapped into large scale using modern technigques barnett shale
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enabled by NG price increase and advnaced tech how is shale taken from earth - ansuse jets of high pressure water to crqaack the shale and propponents (sand)... keep cracks open enabling oil and gas to flow out envrionmental concerns of shale gas - anspad measure 2-5 acres super pad= 20 pads do not necessarily damage land permanently equipment is prone to leaks flaring and shale gas - ansprevent gas from accumulating to unsafe levels mitigate climate damage by venting on the rise because of prodution boom outpacing production producers not movitvated to collect gas because associated gas is worth much less than liquids water and shale gas - answells drilled for fracking have higher pressures and use diff combo of chemical --> placing cement casings under high stress high pressrue injections cause concerns about seismicity .... no research indicated relationship btwn cracking and earthquakes , but does support connectiong btwn wastewater injection and earth quake s biggest water risk= surface water completion of extracting shale gas - anstakes 10-30 days requires 2- 9 million gallons of fluid per well waste water in shale extraction process how much returned components level of TDS storage - ansamount of water pumped into ground and returned = 15-200% 3 main components: drilling muds: lubricate tools/ remove cuttings flowback water: water returned after first few days produced water: water brought to surface once in production level of TDS (total dissolved solids)= over 10000 g/L *** can contain natural occuring radioactive materials stored in liquid pits waste water can not always be treated to safe standards--> producers sometimes reinject water (can induce seismicity) NORM - ansnaturally occurring radioactive materials unconventional petroleum how much in USA - anstens of billions of barrells of oil sans and 800-1500 billion barrells of oil shale in usa oil sand how produced - ansaka bitumer
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wind farms moving off shore solar energy in future approached - ansgreatest potential as energy supply for future 3 approaches
- solar thermal: harness solar energy directly for space and water heating
- solar photovolatic (PV) panels produce electric energy usin photons to make electrons
- concentrated solar power: use solar energy to create steam that then generates electircity solar conversions - anssolar thermal is simply radiant to thermal conversion pv panels convert radiant energy in photons to electrical energy in electrons concentrated solar power (CSP) : panels/ mirrors convert radiant to thermal... steam spings generator magnents to produce electricity... requires direct normal radiation CSP - ansconcentrated solar power cons of solar power - ansoutput varies as a result of astronomical and meterological factors can predict solar energys avalibilty*** low capacity factor.. best scenario is 33% usually 10-20% land intensive hotbed for solar energy: usa vs eruope future for solar - ansexpect SW USA, USA and N aftrica= hot beds usa solar resources>> europes future development: infared solar panels that can work at night 2013, solar power joined NG and wind as most popular fuels for new power plants Energy consumption per capita units USA estimate - ansMMBTU/year 350 for USA Energy problem is comprised of three problems...what probelsm - ansresource depletion enrvionrmental degradation national secuirty threee shifts in energy transition - anstotal demand for energy our end uses of energy a change in our sources of energy energy consumption and affluence are correlated - anstrue hehe American attitude about eenrgy have evovled over time from ____ to _____ to____ - ansNimby: not in my back yard banana: build absolutley nothing anywhere and near anyone Nope: not on planet earth first decade of the 21st century headlines declared.... - ansthe end of oil US vs global gas prices - ansup until 2008 pretty much followed same trend in 2008 USA seperates and decreased and rest of world increased. US AND GLOBAL GAS PRICES HAVE SEPERATED
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japan is at $16/MMBTU USA $3/MMBTU US OIL vs gas prices - ansseperated.... nat gas is cheaper than crude oil.... in 2006 ish crude increased nat gas decreased crude oil prices in 2014 - ans4th quarter fell sharplly $100/barrell $50/ barrell 2 major crude oil suppliers - ansbrent west texas intermediate USA must balance three priortites when addressing energy problem - ansnational secuirty economics and supply enviornment how much of world is undernourished lacks access to improved drinking water lacks access to sanitation facilities not using interner - ans12% 12 37 2/3 of world pop how many cars/ trucks worldwide - anscars: 770 million trucks 340 million ownership of cars in developing world cities rarley exceeds... USA numbers - ans200 cars per 1000 popilation 800 cars/1000 ppl north america energy consumption world energy consumption per capita - ans240 MMBtu/capita NA 70 MMBtu/ capita for world great inequalites in global energy consumption features of energy transition - ansmore typical than we expect take long time toward higher performing fuels solve one problem introduce another decarbonization fuel mix has ____, and ____ with time - anschanged, diversified problem with wood energy - ansdeforestation 1620- 1920 whale oil peaked in - ans1800s 1845 peak whale carbon intensity of energy consumption - ans.032 wood .027 coal .021 petroleum
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kilo watt= 10^3 W= kW megawatt=10^6 W=MW gigawatt= 10^9 W= GW tera watt= 10^12 W=TW petawatt=10^15 W= PW avg person approx basal metabolic rate athelete horse 1 sq meter of sunshine hair dryer yaris viper dodge wind turbine locomotive diesel boeing 747 hoover dam shuttle worlds most powerful laser sun - ans100 watts athlete 400 watts for a period of time horse 750 watts, 746 w= 1 hp sunshine = 750 watts on a clear sunny day hair dryer= 1500 w yaris toyota= 79000 w viper 477250 w= 640 hp 1.5 MW wind turbine locomotive 3MW boeing 747= 140MW
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hoover dam 2.074 GW shuttle 11.7 GW laser 1.1 PW sun 174 PW us power consumption - ans3.34 TW world power consumption - ans17.5 TW energy = - anspower x time power= - answork/ time primary vs secondary energy - ansprimary : orginal/ unconverted fuels.... nat gas... coal.... biomass secondary: converted/ stored energy: electricity.... refined petroleum MW - ansmega watts 1 million watts MMBTU - ansmillion btu = thousand, thousand btu MMBLS - ansmillion blue barrels= thousand, thousand barrels blue barrel= 42 gal MMBD - ansmillon barrels per day... sometimes mbd mboe - ansmillion barrels of oil equivalent MMBDOE - ansmillion barrels per day of oil equivalnt (an amount of energy) USA terminiology in energy notation rest of world - ansUSA BTU MMBTU quad rest of world joules MWh thermal MWh electric MWh thermal - anschemical energy in the fuel or heat energy MWh electirc - ansportion of the hear energy converted to electricity CAPEX - anscapital expenditure opex - ansopertional expenses sometimes includes fuel cost sometimes doesnt HVDC - anshigh voltage diret current UHVDC - ansultra high voltage direct current HVAC - anshigh voltage alternating current ---- in respect to electricity heating ventalation and air conditioning with respect to climate control kWh to J - ans2.78 x10^-7 kWh= 1 j kWh to BTU
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thermal energy - ansheat is KE at the molecular level heat capacity - ansability for a mateiral to store energy] amount of energy to change material by one degree electricla enrgy (e) - ansv= ir p=vi= i^2r weird circle thing top is v bottom half split into two subsections left is I right is r raidant energy (r) - anstravels by waves electromagnetic radiation= light.... light waves carry energy acustic waves.... can destroy buildings.... clean jewelry chemical energy (c) - ansstored in chemical bonds repsonsible for >80% of enegry in world atomic energy (a) - ansenergy is stored in the nucleus of atoms mass and energy are the same E=mc^ c = speed of light 3*10^10 cm/s gradients drive enrgy conversions - ansTemperature gradient Combustion Pressure gradient Wind turbines, flowing water Electronic gradient Solar PV panels Salinity gradient Saltwater/freshwater interfaces Altitude gradient Falling water Chemical energy gradient Molecular reactions energy conversions - anst--> m thermomechanical..engines c-->t thermochemical... combustion a--t thermonuclear... heat from nuclear reactions e--c electrochemical.... fuel cells, batteries
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e-m electro mechanical... generators... electric motors r-e photoelectirc , photovolataic, optoelectronic... light to elericity c-r photochemical.... photosynthesis all can go both ways except a--t second law of thermo - ansentropy increases nature's processes have a direction global implication: declining resources carnot efficiency - ans= 1- (Tcold/Thot) kelvin or rankine us electricity system is wasteful why? - ansfuel consumed= 40 quads powerplant losses= 26 quads transmission line losses= 1 quad electricity used= 13 quads incandeseccent bulbs are particularly wasteful when - anshot daylight hours hhv vs lhv - anshigher heating value ideal or true energy content lhv= lower heating value portion that can practically be harvested vendors use hhv to make fuels look better lhv - anslower heating value usa energy consumption what forms - ans35% petroleum 28 nat gas 18 coal 10 renewables 8 nuclear us energy consumption in 20th century - ansoutpaced production been a story of growth energy consumption /capita oeaked when - ans1978... 359 MMBTU annual energy consumption/ capita us energy consumptio per real dollar of GDP has____ for decades - ansfallen 14.36 thousand btu/ real dollar in 1970 6.17 in 2014 texas energy consumption vs otheer states - ansmuch more .... 13 quads/ yera dominant fuel source for transportation - ansPETROLUEM 24.8 quads AN OIL PROBELM IS A TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM fuel mix for power sector is more diverse than transporttion - anstrue
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- Includes renewable energy renewable energy - ans• Any form of energy that is renewed continually or annually • Some forms of renewable energy are not considered depletable
- Wind, solar, hydro,...
- Renewable energy and sustainable energy are not synonymous
- It is possible to deplete bioenergy resources (for example, through deforestation)
- Rate of renewal vs. rate of consumption is the key distinction for sustainability
- What about geothermal?
- Some resources seem perpetual, some play out,... green energy - ans• A form of energy that has small life-cycle environmental impact
- From its extraction/production
- Implies renewable or non-depletable resource base
- From its processing
- Implies low energy intensity for production
- From its use
- Implies low in carbon and toxicity efficiency vs conservation - ansEfficiency: performing the same task with fewer losses
- Technology-oriented
- Using a car with better fuel economy • Using a new AC with better performance
- Conservation: using fewer resources
- Behavior-oriented
- Driving less • Setting the thermostat to a different temperature efficiency and conservaion work at many scales explain scales - ansSmall scale:
- Adjust the thermostat - Turn off the lights when you leave the room
- Medium scale:
- Drive an energy-efficient car - Reduce, reuse and recycle
- Large scale:
- Make cities more compact and smart - Make power plants more efficient Americans Prefer Environmental Protection Over Economic Growth - ansthey are not mutually exclusive doe but question has been phrased like this in past so hard to change now The 1970s Energy Crises Were A Turning Point In U.S. Energy Policy
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what happened in 1973 - ansOil embargo of 1973 triggered wave of policies for ENERGY EFFICIENCY motivated by energy security and the economy
- Modern energy policy also driven by ENVIORNMENTAL CONCERN After the 1973-74 Energy Crisis, the U.S. Economy Shifted to a Path of Less Energy- Intensive Developmen****
- Business-as-usual includes minimal energy efficiency
- Energy consumption is much lower than what it would have been if energy efficiency investments had been skipped Efficiency And Increased Production Caused Net Energy Imports to Shrink****
- The effect of efficiency overwhelms the effect of increased production
- Production: +24 Quads •Consumption: - 80 Quads _____Has Avoided More CO2 Emissions than____ - ansenergy efficiency, decarbonazation Avoiding energy consumption (and therefore CO2emissions) is much more significant than reducing carbon intensity of fuel use Mt CO2 - ansmillion tonnes of CO improved ___ _____ had significantly slowed growth in CO2 ______ in recent years - ansenergy intensity, emissions energy intensity drops as ____ increases - ansincome the reduction in energy intesnisty accelerates with higher income levels more rich--> use less energy but middle east has counter trend... as get richer use more energy china steep turn because have industriallized more Energy Efficiency Achieved Success Since 1973 For Several Reasons That Were Mutually Reinforcing - ansCultural:
- Energy attitudes changed - Awareness of energy problems was heightened
- Markets:
- Energy prices had increased economy-wide - Energy efficiency become a profit strategy for the business sector
- Technology:
