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Guidelines for students seeking professional engineering registration through the examination route, focusing on the preparation and submission of engineering reports. The report is an opportunity to demonstrate problem-solving abilities, logical thinking, and engineering principles application. submission instructions, report format, and grading aspects.
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Engineering Report Guidelines
1. General Remarks
For applicants seeking registration by Professional Engineers Ontario through the examination route, the
presentation of a report involving an engineering problem is normally the final academic requirement. The
purpose of the report is to demonstrate to the Academic Requirements Committee the applicant’s ability to
define a proposition, to develop it logically and accurately, to apply engineering principles to its solution and
to draw conclusions or make recommendations from the study. This is embodied in a document which must
be guaranteed as an original work of the author, and which must be an acceptable professional report.
The first step in preparing a report and perhaps the most difficult, but rather essential part, is to establish the
report’s objectives. The objective may be a statement of truth to be demonstrated, or an operation to be
performed. The operation may be concerned with existing equipment, or with design of new equipment.
The report itself need not prove originality of ideas, but the applicants must demonstrate their ability to
appreciate, present, differentiate between, and draw conclusions from observations and ideas, in an integrated
operation.
Reasonable modifications of the definition of a report will be accepted. Discussion and judgement of opposed
theories or methods, or a discussion of the practicality of its application, may be accepted. However, the
coverage of the particular subject available in textbooks will not normally be considered to satisfy the
requirements of a report. It is the current state of the art, the novel, or the contentious characteristics, that is
expected to be explored in the report.
2. Submission Instructions
A. Engineering Report Synopsis: The Synopsis for the Engineering Report must be submitted for the
approval of the Academic Requirements Committee before the applicant may proceed with the
Engineering Report. The Synopsis must be submitted by email to the applicant’s assigned Admissions
Representative.
B. Engineering Report: After the Synopsis has been approved and the report has been written, a printed
version of the Engineering Report with a cheque or money order for the Engineering Report fee must
be mailed to the applicant’s assigned Admissions Representative. In addition, the applicant must email
a copy of their Engineering Report to their assigned Admissions Representative. Please ensure that the
assigned Admissions Representative receives the hard-copy and soft-copy reports by the assigned
deadline.
3. Preparing an Engineering Report Synopsis
The Synopsis must be submitted for the approval of the Academic Requirements Committee before the
applicant may proceed with the Report. The Synopsis should contain: The Title of the Report, the Abstract,
which is then followed by a preliminary Table of Contents.
1. The Title should define closely the field of knowledge or practice with which the author has concern.
A subtitle is generally not required but may be used to clarify the objective. The Title page format is
Engineering Report Preparation Instructions
1. Introduction
The purpose of this document is to provide some guidelines for the preparation of engineering reports.
Applicants should follow the format and instructions given in the PEO “Engineering Report Guidelines”
and this document.
Both print copy and PDF file of the report should be submitted for review (the size of PDF file should not
exceed 10Mb).
2. General Recommendations
Binding : The final reports should be bound in a professional manner, e.g., spiral binding. Simply stapling
the pages or using a three-ring binder is not acceptable.
Typing : Applicants are expected to type the report in a word processor using either double or 1.5 spacing
for the text. Footnotes maybe single spaced. Printing can be on either one side or both sides of the page.
Paper : Standard 8 ½ ″ x 11″ (letter size) white bond paper should be used for all text, diagrams, figures,
tables, etc.
Oversized Pages : If it is necessary to include a table or illustration that is larger than the standard letter size
paper, it may be folded carefully into the report. In that case, the oversize page should be unfolded easily
after binding.
Typeface (Font) : The entire report should be in the same type style. Standard Serif style typefaces such as
Times New Roman are recommended. A font size in the range of 11 to 12 points (or 11 to 12 characters per
inch) is recommended.
Margins : At least a 1 inch margin from the left-hand, right-hand, top and bottom edges of the paper is
recommended. To allow for some types of binding, it may be advisable to increase the left-hand margin to 1½
inches. These margins should be applied to the text and all illustrative material. Justified text should be used
in the report.
Paragraph Structure : To improve readability, it may be preferred to leave an additional line space between
paragraphs. Depending on the style preferred, the author may choose not to use an additional line space
between paragraphs, but it should be consistent throughout the report.
Equations : Equations should be typed and enumerated sequentially in parentheses so that they can be
referenced in the text. For example
f ma (1)
where f , m and a are respectively the force, mass, and acceleration as given in equation (1).
Equations should not be forward referenced and should not be referred to as “equation given below” or
“equation given above”. All parameters and symbols must be defined when they are used in the text/equation
for the first time. A typical engineering textbook may be consulted to see how it is done. In addition , all
parameters and symbols should be defined in the nomenclature.
Errors and Corrections : The report should be free of spelling, grammatical and technical errors. Careful
proofreading is essential. If an error is found after the report is printed and bound, it is acceptable to submit
a loose sheet of "Errata".
Spelling : Canadian spelling of words should be used throughout the report.
Units : The use of the International System of Units (SI, metric units) is preferred. If desired, a quantity may
appear with the equivalent British units in parentheses following the SI value, e.g., 746 W (0. 707 BTU).
It should be noted that meter and millimeter are SI units while centimeter and decimeter are
not. Units should be included in tables and graphs. Data are meaningless without the appropriate units.
Mixed unit systems or non-SI unit systems should be avoided in the report.
Writing Style : The report should be logically structured. Emphasis should be placed on clarity. An overly
technical document is not preferred at the Bachelor of Engineering degree level of report. Meanings can
usually be conveyed more powerfully in simple terms.
Technical reports should be written in the third person. For example, it is improper to write (in the first person):
"I (or we) measured the water temperature using a thermocouple." Instead, one should write, "The water
temperature was measured using a thermocouple."
3. Illustrative Material
All figures, diagrams, photographs, and graphs (and tables) must be included in the List of Figures (and List
of Tables). All figures (and Tables) must be referenced in the text; otherwise there is no point to include the
information in the report.
Figures : The term "figure" applies to diagrams, graphs, charts, engineering drawings and photographs. All
figures should be numbered and have a descriptive caption, centred below the figure. Figures taken directly
from another source must be fully referenced. Figures that are adapted for this report should be referenced as
follows: "...after Smith and Jones (1992)" or “… [1]” depending on which format is used for citing references.
Tables : All tables should be enumerated and have a descriptive caption. Caption should be relatively short, if
possible, and be centered above the table between the margins. Footnotes can be used to point out details of a
column of data or an individual item in the table, e.g., refer to Table 1.
Placement of Figures and Tables : Each figure/table should be included on the same page or the page
immediately following the page on which it is first referenced. If this is not possible, it should be placed as
close as possible after the reference to the figure/table.
Table 1. Sample table caption.
Reading No. Calibration Pressure
(kPa)
Gauge Pressure
a
(kPa)
Temperature
b
a
Footnote for a table
b
Data outside of calibration zone
4. Structure of the Engineering Report
As shown in the sample Table of Contents (refer to Section 6), the recommended order for the sections of a
technical report is as follows:
iii. Description of experimental apparatus and procedures is essential. Depending on the nature of the work,
descriptions of the apparatus and/or design procedures may appear as a separate chapter/section.
Sufficient information should be given to enable interested scholars with similar knowledge to duplicate
the reported work. This requires clear, detailed descriptions of the apparatus and procedures. In
addition, the technical aspect of the work and justification of the applied engineering principles should
be focused on; with a concise discussion of what is done, how it is done and why.
iv. Theoretical derivations of equations from fundamental engineering principles relevant to the report are
mandatory to ensure originality of the technical aspects of the work.
v. Presentation, discussion and interpretation of the results are parts of the report writing process.
vi. Summary of the main conclusions and recommendations is required in the finished work. The conclusions
must be based on the evidence and findings presented and must be related to the stated objective of
the report. New ideas should not be introduced in the conclusions. Depending on the nature of the
report, the recommendations stemming from the report may include such items as:
Numbering of Chapters/Sections : It is recommended that chapters/sections/subsections be numbered using
the decimal numbering scheme shown in the sample Table of Contents (refer to Section 6). For example, in
this Table of Contents, the first section of Chapter/Section 2 is 2.1 Experimental Apparatus. The subsections
of Section 2.1 that relate directly to the details of the experimental apparatus are numbered 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.
Appendices : To keep the main body of the report concise and readable, some information needed for the
completeness of the report may be put in an appendix. Examples of information which may be included in
appendices are: ·
that is not central to the topic).
References : When drawing information from a textbook, article, report, letter or even a conversation,
it is essential to acknowledge the authors and/or source. This is done using a citation in the text that refers
to a source listed in the "References" section. Information presented without a citation will be attributed
to the author. Hence, failure to adequately cite the sources where the information comes from constitutes
plagiarism.
The style used for citing references varies greatly depending on the specific field. A journal appropriate to the
topic could be referred to in order to adopt a method and use it throughout the report. Alternatively, one of the
following procedures may be used:
Citation Method 1 : In the text, the publication is referenced using the last name(s) of the author(s). The year
of publication is inserted in parentheses immediately following the names of authors. Two examples of
usage for this method are:
The effect of forces on the free vibration of thin plates was studied by Nakamura and Smith
(1991). This study showed that ...
Long ago, it was suggested the adequate heat removal may be the limiting factor in the
development of future high speed circuits (lncropera, 1988).
If there are more than two authors for a single publication, the last name of the first author is followed by
"et al." to signify the remaining authors. For example:
In a recent study, Jones et al. (2017) conducted experiments on ...
In the "References" section, the full citation with all of the authors is listed in alphabetical order by the
last name of the first author. The following are examples using the Harvard reference style:
Book :
Waldron, K.J., Kinzel, G.L. and Agrawal, S.K., 2016. Kinematics, dynamics, and design of machinery.
John Wiley & Sons.
Periodical :
Notash, L., 2017. Wrench Accuracy for Parallel Manipulators and Interval Dependency. Journal of
Mechanisms and Robotics , 9 (1), p.011008. ·
Paper in the proceedings of a conference :
ElMaraghy, H., Schuh, G., ElMaraghy, W., Piller, F., Schönsleben, P., Tseng, M. and Bernard, A.,
Patent :
Szabados, B. and Dableh, R., Cooper Technologies Company, 2017. Methods and systems for
controlling addressable lighting units. U.S. Patent 9,538,625.
Report :
Tarasuk, J.D., 1968, The Theory, Design and Operation of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, Technical
Report C-3, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan
Personal conversation :
Clark, J.A, Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario, Private Communication on December 11, 199 3.
Online source :
Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia, Calibration , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibration, accessed
June 24, 2017.
Citation Method 2 : In the text, each publication is referred to using an Arabic numeral in brackets. Three
examples of usage for this method are as follows:
The effect of forces on the free vibration of thin plates was widely studied [1,2]. These studies
showed that ...
Long ago, it was suggested the adequate heat removal may be the limiting factor in the development
of future high speed circuits [3].
Ina recent study, Jones et al. [5] conducted experiments on...
In the "References" section, each publication is listed and enumerated sequentially in the order in which
they are referenced in the body of report. For books, journal papers, personal conversations, etc., the same
Title of Engineering Report
Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... ii
Intellectual Property Clearance .................................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ iv
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... vi
Nomencluture.............................................................................................................................................. vii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 General Approach to Problem................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Literature Review.................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 2 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT AND PROCEDURE ................................................................... 17
2.1 Experimental Apparatus........................................................................................................................ 17
2.2 Calibration Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.1 Mathematical Model ............................................................................................................. 24
2.2.2 Calibration Procedure ........................................................................................................... 28
2.3 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 35
3.1 Effect of Measurement Error and Noise ............................................................................................... 35
3.2 Verification of Calibration Results ....................................................................................................... 41
Chapter 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 48
4.1 Summary and Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 48
4.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................. 52
Appendix A Sample Calculations ............................................................................................................... 58
Appendix B Tabulated data for Figure 3.2 ................................................................................................. 60
Appendix C Flowchart for Simulation Code .............................................................................................. 62
