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Environmental studies internal assessments- 1.Public Awareness towards Environmental Issues. 2.water resources . 3.value of biodiversity. 4.Methods of field work. 5. Role of Information Technology in Environment and human health.
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be noted result, the earth is known as the water planet. The water in the ocean is salty and unfit for human consumption. Fresh water accounts for only approximately 2.7 percent of total water. Global warming and ongoing water pollution have rendered a significant portion of accessible freshwater unfit for human use. As a result, water is in short supply. Water conservation measures must be implemented. Water is renewable, but overuse and contamination render it unfit for human consumption. Water is polluted by nitrates, metals, and pesticides from sewage, industrial use, and chemicals, among other things. Water Resource Utilization: - Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational, and environmental purposes. The majority of the applications necessitate the usage of fresh water. However, approximately 97 percent of the water on Earth is salt water, with only three percent being fresh water. Glaciers and polar ice caps contain somewhat more than two-thirds of the accessible fresh water. The remaining freshwater is mostly found as groundwater, with only a trace of it evident on the ground or in the air. Agricultural Application: - Agriculture consumes over 69 percent of all water in agricultural economies such as India. As a result, agriculture is the largest consumer of the Earth's available freshwater. Agriculture's global water demand is expected to rise by 19 percent by 2050 due to irrigation needs. Expanding irrigation requirements are anticipated to place undue strain on water storage. It is also unclear whether further irrigation development, as well as additional water withdrawals from rivers and groundwater, will be possible. Use in Industry: - Water is the industry's lifeline. Where it indulges as a raw material cooling, a solvent, a transport agent, and an energy source. Manufacturing industries consume a sizable portion of total industrial water consumption. In addition, paper and related goods, chemicals, and primary metals are significant industrial uses of water. The industry also accounts for 19% of overall consumption worldwide. In developed countries, however, industry consume more than half of the water available for human consumption. Use in the Home: - It covers drinking, cleaning, personal hygiene, gardening, cooking, washing clothes, dishes, and automobiles, among other things. People have been migrating from the countryside to ever- expanding cities since the end of World War II. This development has serious consequences for our water resources. To provide water to expanding populations and industry, the government and towns have had to begin constructing major water-supply systems. Domestic water consumption accounts for around 12% of total global water consumption. Overuse of surface and ground water: - Water scarcity has emerged as a major global concern. In recent decades, the United Nations has convened a number of water conventions. Overuse of surface and ground water has resulted in virtual water shortage in the world today. The decreasing sources of high human population growth over the millennia, along with growing man-made water pollution around the planet, have resulted in unanticipated water scarcity around the world. As a result of the world's massive population explosion, existing water supplies have been continuously overutilized. In many places of the world, groundwater is the primary source of water. However, due to overexploitation by an increasing human population and the quick rise in demand, this source has been continuously depleted.
The collection of raw data outside of a laboratory, library, or workplace setting is known as field research, field studies, or fieldwork. Field research methodology and methods differ across fields. Biologists, for example, may simply witness animals interacting with their settings in the field, whereas social scientists may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn about their languages, folklore, and social structures. Field research employs a variety of well-defined, albeit variable, methods, including informal interviews, direct observation, participation in group life, collective discussions, analyses of personal documents produced within the group, self-analysis, results from off- or on-line activities, and life histories. Although the method is often referred to as qualitative research, it may (and frequently does) contain quantitative data. Methods of Observation The observational approach is regarded as the least invasive method, in which the anthropologist integrates themselves as little as possible into the society being studied and collects data through verbal dialogue while aiming to remain non-intrusive of the culture. This technique group is concerned with community interaction through language. It usually requires conducting a large number of open-ended interviews with participants who are members of the group being investigated. The researcher tries to study as much as they can about the community's history as well as the people who live there in order to acquire a complete knowledge of how their culture works. Individual or focus group interviews can be conducted within the community based on age, socioeconomic position, gender, and other characteristics that contribute to variances. This sort of study frequently aims to establish an open dialogue, known as a dialectic, in which information flows back and forth between the researcher and the subject. Consider this a chat between two people regarding homework or a forthcoming exam. This dialectic calls into question the objectivity of socially created data. The problem is solved by reflecting on the intersubjective construction of meaning. As a result, anthropologists place a premium on reflexive qualities in their ethnographic writing. Because many anthropologists aim to assist the people, they work with in making change on their own terms within the limits of their own culture, objectivity is sometimes abandoned in favor of community- based activism and social change. Participant Observation: - Participant observation is an anthropological Fieldwork method that requires the anthropologist to form an intimate contact with the culture being studied in order to collect data. This strategy necessitates an anthropologist's participation in a culturally unique social event. This includes, but is not limited to, studying individuals of a culture by taking notes, consuming the cuisine supplied, and participating in events. The purpose of participant observation is to get immersed in a culture as if you were a member of it, all while observing and studying it. An example of participation observation would be if an anthropologist attended to a Native American Tribal gathering and made notes on the energy and traditions that were present. being displayed This anthropologist might partake in activities such as face painting and singing, as well as taste Native American food. The data acquired during this observation is then recorded and analyzed to gain a better understanding of the culture being researched. This type of observation assists the anthropologist in developing a stronger relationship with the people of the culture and can aid others in better understanding their culture. This experience may cause the individuals to open up more to the anthropological, allowing them to grasp more than just an etic point of view on the culture. Observation by a Non-Participant: - Non-participant observation, as contrast to participant observation, is an anthropological method of data collection that involves entering a community but having little
interaction with the people within the culture. This anthropologist can be considered a fly on the wall. An etic strategy that researchers frequently utilize to investigate the specifics of how people interact with one another and with their surroundings. The nonparticipant method can be used to record detailed data such as bodily behavior (e.g., eye gazing, facial expression), speech styles (e.g., pitch), however the emic approach is usually favored when studying social setting. An example of data gathered from non-participant research would be an estimate of how frequently women in a family wear high heels as a result of non-participant observation, while useful for some research, has limitations. The observer affect is one of them. This is due to the researcher's presence having an effect on the actions of the participants. To secure and promote comfortable encounters, the researcher may employ systematic ways of field notes, sampling, and data. When adopting the non-participant observation approach, the researcher's perspectives on a particular problem may differ from those of the participants. The only way to solve this difficulty and get a completer and more unbiased picture of the research is to use both the non-participant and participant methods.