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EOC Biology Review (ALL TERMS 2024-2025) Quiz
Exam Questions with Answers.
Interphase - Answers-Cell grows and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G phases Prophase - Answers-Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms Metaphase - Answers-Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase - Answers-Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell Telophase and Cytokinesis - Answers-The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which the nucleus is reforming and cell splitting has typically begun. Centromere - Answers-Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached Sister Chromatids - Answers-Two identical copies of a chromosome created during DNA replication of mitosis Centriole - Answers-Cell organelle that aids in cell division by making spindle fibers Dominant - Answers-An allele that is always expressed (ex: AA or Aa) Recessive - Answers-An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present (ex: aa) Genotype - Answers-An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. Phenotype - Answers-An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. Allele - Answers-An alternative form of a gene. (A and a are alleles of the "A" gene) Gene - Answers-A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait Heterozygous - Answers-An organism that has two different alleles for a trait Homozygous - Answers-An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait Meiosis - Answers-Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
Gamete - Answers-A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. Diploid - Answers-2 sets of chromosomes Haploid - Answers-1 set of chromosomes Gel Electrophoresis - Answers-Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by size Restriction Enzyme - Answers-Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides DNA - Answers-(deoxyribonucleic acid) a double-stranded molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. mRNA - Answers-Messenger RNA. A type of RNA that is a single-stranded copy of the DNA; made during transcription tRNA - Answers-Transfer RNA. A type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. amino acid - Answers-Building blocks of protein ribosome - Answers-A cell organelle which makes proteins nucleus - Answers-A part of the cell containing DNA (and some RNA) and responsible for growth and reproduction transcription - Answers-Process in which mRNA is made from DNA translation - Answers-Process by which mRNA is read, tRNA brings amino acids, and a protein is produced by the ribosome uracil - Answers-Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA (not present in DNA). mutation - Answers-A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity. Can be random or caused by radiation/chemicals. DNA - Answers-(deoxyribonucleic acid) a double-stranded molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. nucleus - Answers-A part of the cell containing DNA nucleotide - Answers-A building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
Hypotonic - Answers-Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. Isotonic - Answers-when the concentration of two solutions is the same Hypertonic - Answers-when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes (less water). These solutions will make cells SHRINK (lose water). Cell Membrane - Answers-The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell; controls what enters and exits (transport) Diffusion (or faciliated diffusion) - Answers-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Requires no energy. Membrane Protein - Answers-Proteins within the phospholipid layer that transport water soluble substances across the lipid bilayer. Active Transport - Answers-ATP energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient (low to high) Endocytosis - Answers-A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. Exocytosis - Answers-Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material Concentration Gradient - Answers-A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. Phospholipid - Answers-A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. Hydrophobic - Answers-Water fearing Organelle - Answers-structures within a cell that carry out specific functions Nucleus - Answers-A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction Mitochondria - Answers-the "powerhouse" of the cell; breaks down food to make energy for the cell Vacuole - Answers-storage space for food, water, waste, and other cellular material Ribosome - Answers-makes protiens
Endoplasmic reticulum - Answers-"Cell highway", transports goods and materials throughout the cell Golgi body - Answers-"Quality control", Modifies and Processes proteins made by the cell. Cell Wall - Answers-surrounds the plant cell and maintains cell shape and structure; in plant cells only Cell Membrane - Answers-"Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell Chloroplasts - Answers-capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell; in plant and protist cells only Cytoplasm - Answers-jelly-like substance that supports the cell organelles and holds them in place Cell - Answers-the basic unit of structure and function in living things Plant cell - Answers-contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole Animal cell - Answers-does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole Herbivore - Answers-A consumer that eats only plants. Carnivore - Answers-consumer that obtains energy by eating animals Decomposer - Answers-organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead material (AKA detritovore) Primary Consumer - Answers-An organism that eats producers (AKA herbivore) Secondary Consumer - Answers-An organism that eats primary consumers (AKA carnivore) Tertiary Consumer - Answers-An organism that eats secondary consumers (AKA carnivore) Producer - Answers-An organism that can make its own food through the process of photosynthesis. Autotroph - Answers-Another name for a producer Heterotroph - Answers-Another name for a consumer Omnivore - Answers-organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
Glucose - Answers-C6H12O Water - Answers-H2O Chloroplast - Answers-An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs Chlorophyll - Answers-A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria Stomata - Answers-Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move Autotroph - Answers-An organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis Producer - Answers-Another name for an autotroph Cellular Respiration Equation - Answers-Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water
- ATP Energy Anaerobic Respiration - Answers-Respiration that does not require oxygen. AKA Fermentation! Aerobic Respiration - Answers-Process that requires oxygen (AKA normal cellular respiration) Alcoholic Fermentation - Answers-AKA anaerobic respiration. Done by prokaryotes, makes 2ATP, CO2 and Alcohol. ATP - Answers-(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work Mitochondria - Answers-An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. Reactant - Answers-A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction Product - Answers-A substance produced in a chemical reaction Lactic Acid Fermentation - Answers-AKA anaerobic fermentation done in muscle cells. Produces 2 ATP and lactic acid. Metabolism - Answers-all of an organism's chemical reactions
Substrate - Answers-the molecule(s) an enzyme acts upon Active site - Answers-a region on an enzyme to which the substrate binds Activation energy - Answers-Energy needed to get a reaction started Denature - Answers-a change in shape that stops the protein from functioning. This happens when pH or temperature changes. Product - Answers-A substance produced in a chemical reaction Reactant - Answers-A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction Catalyst - Answers-another name for an enzyme Enzyme - Answers-A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing Evolution - Answers-Change in populations over time Natural Selection - Answers-Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully Geographic Isolation - Answers-Isolation between populations due to physical barriers; can lead to speciation Speciation - Answers-The formation of new species Mutation - Answers-A change in a gene or chromosome. Charles Darwin - Answers-Father of evolution Reproductive Isolation - Answers-Separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species Species - Answers-A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Genetic Drift - Answers-a RANDOM change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations Fitness - Answers-Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment Homologous Structure - Answers-Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor. They indicate convergent evolution.
Imprinting - Answers-(innate) baby bird species will follow the first moving object they see, usually the mother. example: ducks Migration - Answers-(innate) organisms move from one place to another periodically, generally in response to temperature or food availability. example: geese, monarch butterflies Hibernation - Answers-(innate) An organism goes dormant for a long period of time to escape cold temperatures example: bears, chipmunks, frogs Structural Adaptation - Answers-an adaptation of an organism's body parts or its coloring Behavioral Adaptation - Answers-something an animal does that helps it survive Reproductive Adaptation - Answers-Adaptation in how a species reproduces that results in greater offspring success Courtship - Answers-(innate) Something an animal does to help find a mate (like singing and dancing) territorial behavior - Answers-(innate) Fighting to defend a specific location, usually between males
