Equation Sheet
These equations may be useful as a study guide. YOU ARE EXPECTED TO KNOW HOW TO
USE THESE EQUATIONS AND UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF ALL OF THE VARIABLES.
**There are a few simple equations presented in class that are not on this sheet (for example, how to
calculate gene and allele frequencies-You will have to know these).**
HWE: Components of Variance
p2 +2pq+q2=1 VP=VG+VE
VG=VA+VD
Heritability: Measuring selection:
Broad-sense: VG/VP
S=t¿−¯t
Narrow-sense: h2 = VA/VPR = h2 S
Chi-square test:
c2=∑(observed−exp ected )2
exp ected
Change in gene frequency from Stable equilibria with heterozygote advantage
mutation alone:
Dp=±mp
Mutation-selection balance (recessive mut.):
^
q=
√
m/s
^q=s
s+t
Selection for dominant allele:
∆ p=p q 2s
1−q2s
Dq=0 when p=0,
q=0,or
sp−tq=0
