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Three Approaches to Anatomy
Regional AnatomySystemic AnatomyClinical (applied)
Anatomy
TERM 2
Regional Anatomy
DEFINITION 2
Sections: (1) head, (2) neck, (3) paired limbs - upper & lower,
(4) trunk (a. thorax, b. abdomen, c. pelvis/perineum, d.
back)Systemic structures relationships (nerves, muscles, and
arteries)in context with adjacent region and body as a
whole"surface" anatomy - visible/palatable
TERM 3
Systemic Anatomy
DEFINITION 3
Organ systems (none function in isolation)"RANCID SERUM"
(1) Respiratory, (2) Articular, (3) Nervous, (4) Circulatory,
(Cardiovascular/Lymphatic), (5) Integumentary
(dermatology), (6) Digestive (alimentary)(7) Skeletal, (8)
Endocrine, (9) Reproductive, (10) Urinary, (11) Muscular
TERM 4
Clinical (applied)
Anatomy
DEFINITION 4
structure & function in medicine, dentistry, & allied health
both regional & systemic
TERM 5
Anatomicomedical Terminology
DEFINITION 5
encompasses international vocab
Eponym
names of structures derived from people's names
TERM 7
Planes and Views
DEFINITION 7
This view is Anterolateral1. Median* (sagittal); 2. Frontal (coronal);
3. Horizontal/Transverse (transaxial)(A) Superior (cranial), (B)
Inferior (caudal)(C) Anterior (ventral), (D) Posterior (dorsal)not
pictured - medial v. lateral, proximal v. distal, superficial v.
intermediate v. deep, dorsum v. palm/sole (plantar), internal v
external*sagittal planes are parallel to the median plane; between
clavicle & median = paramedian plane
TERM 8
Laterality
DEFINITION 8
bilateral (paired)unilateral (only one)ipsilateral (same
side)contralateral (opposite side)
TERM 9
Flexion
DEFINITION 9
decrease the angle btwn the bones at the jointoccurs @
sagittal plane except thumb
TERM 10
Extension
DEFINITION 10
increase the angle btwn the bones at the jointoccurs @
sagittal plane except thumb
Supination
lateral rotation of the forearm to the palm faces
anterior(anatomical position)
TERM 17
Dorsiflexion
DEFINITION 17
elevate dorsum of the foot at the ankle so the toes are
brought to the shin
TERM 18
Plantarflexion
DEFINITION 18
depression of the sole of the foot at the ankle, increasing the
angle past 90 degrees
TERM 19
Eversion
DEFINITION 19
turn the sole outward
TERM 20
Inversion
DEFINITION 20
turn the sole inward
Protrusion (protraction)
move the jaw anteriorly
TERM 22
Retrusion (retraction)
DEFINITION 22
move the jaw posteriorly
TERM 23
Integumentary System (function)
DEFINITION 23
protectioncontainment of tissuesheat
regulationsensationsynthesis and storage of vitamin D
TERM 24
Integumentary System (composition)
DEFINITION 24
epidermisbasal regenerative CTdermis (pigmented CT)hair,
nails, mammary glands, enamelsubcutaneous tissueskin
ligamentsdeep fascia
TERM 25
Epidermis
DEFINITION 25
keratinized stratified epitheliumsheds every 25 - 45
daysavascularfew afferent nerves
Deep Fascia
densely organized CT - no fat - "envelops" bodycreate body
cavities, attach to & compartmentalize muscle, separate
musculoskeletal, creates retinacula & bursae
TERM 32
Investing Fascia
DEFINITION 32
connects to muscles & neurovascular bundles
TERM 33
Intermuscular Septa
DEFINITION 33
fascia compartmentalize muscles
TERM 34
Subserous Fascia
DEFINITION 34
btwn musculoskeletal & body cavities
TERM 35
Retinacula
DEFINITION 35
band to hold and stabilize tendons
Bursae
closed sacs containing fluid
TERM 37
Fascial Planes
DEFINITION 37
inter & intra fascial - allows to separate structures in
surgery*fun fact - in embalming these are often fused
TERM 38
Tension (cleavage) Lines
DEFINITION 38
keep skin tautslit in predominant direction of collagen
fibersbetter healing with minimal scarring
TERM 39
Keloid Scarring
DEFINITION 39
Excessive Scarring
TERM 40
Stretch Marks
DEFINITION 40
Collagen fibers stretched too farred --> purple -->
whitecommon in pregnancy/obesity (butt, thighs, abdomen,
breasts)never fade
Axial Skeleton
central axis - 80 bonesskull (cranium), neck (cervical
vertebrae), trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)
TERM 47
Appendicular Skeleton
DEFINITION 47
126 bones - "appendage" limb bones pectoral (shoulder) &
pelvic girdles
TERM 48
Bones (function)
DEFINITION 48
protectionsupportmechanical for movementstore salts
(calcium)supply new blood cells
TERM 49
Cartilage (function)
DEFINITION 49
avascular CTflexibilitymore found in young people
TERM 50
Costal
Cartilage
DEFINITION 50
attach ribs to the sternumhyaline cartilage prolong ribs
forward &elasticity of thorax walls
Articular
Cartilage
allows for smooth, low friction gliding surfaces for bones to
move
TERM 52
Periosteum
DEFINITION 52
fibrous CT surrounding bones (not joints of long
bones)nourish the tissueaids in laying more bone or cartilage
in healing of fractureattach tendons & ligaments
TERM 53
Perichondrium
DEFINITION 53
surrounds cartilage of a developing bone(not articular
cartilage)nourish the tissueaids in laying more bone or
cartilage in healing of fractureattach tendons & ligaments
TERM 54
Bone (structure)
DEFINITION 54
Compact (cortical) - surroundsSpongy
(trabecular/cancellous)Medullary (marrow) cavity
TERM 55
Compact (cortical) Bone
DEFINITION 55
strengthweight bearingrigiditymuscle & ligament
attachmentmost found at middle of shaft some elasticity, but
great rigidity
Condyle
rounded articular area
TERM 62
Crest
DEFINITION 62
ridge of the bone
TERM 63
Epicondyle
DEFINITION 63
eminence superior to condyle
TERM 64
Facet
DEFINITION 64
smooth flat areausually covered with cartilage where bones
articulate
TERM 65
Foramen
DEFINITION 65
opening to pass through
Fossa
Hollow or depressed area
TERM 67
Line (linea)
DEFINITION 67
linear elevation
TERM 68
Heterotopic Bones
DEFINITION 68
formation in soft tissuechronic muscle strainsmall
hemorrhages --> calcify --> ossify
TERM 69
Malleolus
DEFINITION 69
rounded prominence (ankle)
TERM 70
Notch
DEFINITION 70
indentation at edge
Tuberosity
large, rounded elevation (wart-like)
TERM 77
Bone (adaptations)
DEFINITION 77
fractureremodel (fibroblasts - CT cells create collagen to
reform)atrophy (absorbed - teeth)hypertrophy
TERM 78
Collar of Calus
DEFINITION 78
collagen formed by fibroblasts (CT) after fracture to hold the
bones together - eventually absorbed and replaced by bone
TERM 79
Osteoporosis
DEFINITION 79
organic & inorganic decreasereduce bone mass
(atrophy)brittle, loss of elasticity & easily fracture
TERM 80
Mesenchyme
DEFINITION 80
embryonic CT forms all bonesfrom intramembranous or
endochondral ossificationmesenchymal cells condense to
form chondroblasts --> cartilaginous bone model midregion
calcifies & periosteal capillaries form+ osteogenic -->
periosteal bud
Intramembranous Ossification
bone forming from mesenchyme during the fetal/embryonic
period
TERM 82
Endochondral Ossification
DEFINITION 82
cartilaginous bone from mesenchyme
TERM 83
Periosteal Bud
DEFINITION 83
from endochondral calcificationchondroblasts -->
cartilaginous bone model (calcifies)+ periosteal
capillaries+osteogenic cells
TERM 84
Primary Ossification Center
DEFINITION 84
@ capillariesbone tissue forms to replace cartilagediaphysis
TERM 85
Diaphysis
DEFINITION 85
ossified bone in the shaft where the bone develops
Nutrient Arteries (bone)
one or more per boneoutside periosteumpass through
nutrient foramina & split into branchessupply bone marrow,
spongy bone, & deeper parts
TERM 92
Periosteal Arteries
DEFINITION 92
small branchessupply the compact boneif the periosteum is
removed, the bone will die
TERM 93
Metaphysial & Epiphysial
Arteries
DEFINITION 93
supply the ends of the bonesarise from arteries supplying the
joints
TERM 94
Veins (bone)
DEFINITION 94
accompany arteries through nutrient foraminalarger veins
leave near articular ends of the bone
TERM 95
Lymphatic Vessels (bone)
DEFINITION 95
abundant in periosteum
Nerves (bones)
accompany blood vesselsnerves are sparse in
bonesvasomotor nerves dilate or constrict blood flow through
marrowpain is associated in the periosteum layer
TERM 97
Periosteal Nerves
DEFINITION 97
Carry pain fibersthe periosteum is especially sensitive to
tearing/tension
TERM 98
Accessory (supernumerary) Bones
DEFINITION 98
develop when additional ossification centers forming extra
bones
TERM 99
Anatomy (Latin translation)
DEFINITION 99
To Cut
TERM 100
Medical Imaging Techniques
DEFINITION 100
X-ray measuring radiographic contrastComputed
Tomography (CT)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
