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animal behaviours , behavioural equipment, scope of ethology, method of ethology
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ISSN: 0020-7594 (Print) 1464-066X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pijp
14. Ethology and Animal Behaviour
Published online: 12 Jun 2011.
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Wichita State University, Wichih, Kansas,
Is mmparative psychology general psychology as some have maintained? Thatia, do general
species governed by diffewnt behavioural principles? The presentations in this sympo-
ciety for Comparative Psychology, address this issue and conclude that comparative psy-
ing (Bitterman, Hollis), memory processes (Ades), the acquisition anduse of expectancies (Overmier) and other cognitive processes (Poli and Previde), and the use^ of tools^ ( h a n o ).
sYo84.
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA. The long-familiar denigration of 'general process' learning theory by ethologists has given way
or 'strategies" of learning which are only modulated or 'customized' in each species in accordance with ecological demands. More than a decade of systematic comparative work with honeybees, which commonly are thought to provide especially good examples of adap- tive specialization, has shown a wide range of phenomena well known fmm studies of learn-
ever of uniqueness. Several interesting implications of these results are considered.
tional Society for Comparative Psychology,'
m 084 .! 2
Learning, Perception, and Cognition, Univer-
procedure for the reinforcement ofconditional discrimination learning can lead to dramatic enhancement of short term memory based performance attributable to a mediating state
422
of species including humnns, where it may
sYo84.
approach. Hollis, EX.Mount Holyoke Col- lege, South Hadley, USA. Signaled presenta-
mnditioned responses in a freahwater tropical fish, the blue gourami (Trichogaater trichop-
anticipatory conditional responses increase the success with which males are able to de-
attract and court a mate. Taken together with
short-term and long-term benefits of condi- tional responding, this research suggests that Pavlovian conditioning may play aa import-
SY084.
spider. M a , C. a p t. of Experimental Psy-
sociated with species specific behaviors. The tropical orb-web spider Argiope argentata generally transporte to the hub the first cap- tured fly (preyl). If a^ second fly (prey21^ strikes
wrapped and abandoned at the capture site, and the spider retrieves it later. A series of experiments shows that: (I) hoarding and re- trieval of prey 2 is not triggered by environ-
control; (2) information about previous cap- tures is acquired in a selective way; (3) reten- tion can be disturbed by stressful events; (4)
contextual cues and lasts for as long as the envimmental demands remain. The spider's
bles 'operational' memory, is interpreted as serving, among other functions, that of reduc- ing capture time.
which they are adapted, I argue that the
ditioning experiments is not a general pur- pose associative mechanism; rather, it is
lems in multivariate, nonstationary time
matically simpler than contemporary associative models of conditioning and ac- counts for a bmader range of experimental ESUltS.
N.J. University of Cambridge. Cambridge,
simple conditioning. But associative learning theory is now capable of explaining many phenomena once thought to fie outside the scope of simple conditioning, such as diecrimi- nation learning, categoriaation and pemp
the limits have been reached. Comparative
is illuted by studies of the learning of rela- tional rules in different animals.
SYOI36. Social VBIBUB nongocial cognition in pri-
St h h s , UK. The 'Social Intellect (or Ma- chiavellian Intelligence)Hypothesis' ascribes the special brain power of anthropoid pri- mates to the cognitive demands of their social
examination of the ecological correlates of encephalisation have produced confirmatory findings,yet the variables used remain crude. Analysis of the nature of social interactions in anthropoids suggests several dimensions of 'social complexity" which therefore need to be addressed in future numerical hypothesis- testing. These include the structure and dyna- mics of polyadic interactions, patterns of reciprocity, and mentalism
SY086.
ities in captivity and in the wild. Matsu-
cognition of chimpanzees in captivity and in
chimpanzee, 'Ai", mastered a language-like
name objects, color, number, etc. She learned to use Arabic numerals to name a number
up an open-air laboratory to study wild chim-
nuts. The results show a c o m n background
and in the wild,
and recognition. Roitblat, E.L.University ofHawaii at Mama, Honolulu, USA. Delayed
useful task for identifying the memory repre- sentations and processes animals use. The animal must observe the sample stimulus, encode information about its identity, retain
correct matching comparison stimulus, and
tation will review the representations ani- mals form for and in working memory and the processes they employ when using those rep. resentations. The emphasis will be on compu- tational models of these processes including the use of artificial neural networks.
SYO86.
Neurosciences Fonctionnelles, Centre Na- tional de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France. The phenomenon of mental rotation was examined in baboons and humans by use of a matching-to-sampleprocedure thmugh a video formatted test apparatus. Target stimu- li were presented either centrally or in one visual hemi-field and were matched to mm- parison stimuli of various orientations (fmm 0 to 300 degrees). A significant mental mta- tion effect was found in both baboons and humans but in baboons this effect was limited tn conditions where visual input was presented to the right visual-half field.
SY
Mary's University, Halifzx, Canada.
The speakers discuss the most recent advan- ces in the comparative study of cognition in
this discussion is the interdisciplinary but mutual influence of studies of mind-reading or "theory of mind'. The symposium offers an
approach to this topic h m several directions, from developmental psychology as well as pri- matology. For example, by focusing on decep- tion and pretence the differences between non-human and human capacities c m be ex- plored constructively. There is evidence of non-human primate pretence and imitation which can be assessed comparatively with children's understanding of particular mental states in others. Instances of deception and intentional communication are interpreted in
and representation in development and evol-
framework. The comparative approach and problem of "how can we read minds when we see only behaviour?' (Whiten & Perner, 1991, Natural Theories of Mind) are to be considered in relation to recent empirical research and current theoretical questions that have arisen.
SY086.
wick-Jonea, JJ. Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's University, Halifw Canada. Analyzing the social situations of baboons in detailed sequences can suggest new indicators of their cognitive capacities. A model that has been used for human conversations (the social contingency model) is applied to baboon inter- actions, giving a close view of the sequence of signals. Observational material collected in field and zoo research, for example, by Colme- nares (19911, Dunbar (1984) and Smuts (1985) is suitable for this analysis. Examples are presented of how the model can be used.
contribute towards understanding the extent and limits of monkey capacities in social con- texts leading to a discussion of the related capacities of monkeys, apes and children.
S Y O 8 8 9
mates reveals a strong linear relationship be- tween the relative size of the neocortex and
reflects an underlying cognitive limitation on animals' abilities to process information on some aspect of their social relationships. Ana- lysis of the size and structure of social net- works within groups suggests that the limitation lies in the nature ofthe particularly intense relationships at the heart of these networks rather than the absolute number of
relationships that an individual needs to monitor. This appears to reflect the animal's ability to exploit social knowledge in estab- lishing and servicing key alliances.
SYo86.3.
Gomez, J-C. Department of Psychology, Universidad Autdnoma, Ciudad, Universita-
reading (the ability to^ take into account^ the
human and aon-human primates (such aa de- ception and intentional communication) seem to require some form of sophisticated mind-
whether mind-reading must involve second- order representation (i.e., representations of such unobservable events as the repre- sentations in the minds of others) or is it
states of other people by means of first-order
servable events)? The aim of this paper is to ahow that sophisticated mind-reading can be achieved through first-order representations of such observable events as attentional and
primate evolution selective pressures have fa- vored animals that attended to the attention of others. The external manifestations of at- tention (such as gaze or body orientation) are pmbably the most direct behavioral reflection of mental states such as knowledge and inten-
and intentional communication reported in non-human primates and human infants can be interpreted as the result ofcomputing first- order representations of attentional states as causally related to first-order representations of behaviors.
SY086.
Universityof Swsex, Brighton, UK. The main problem for the developingchild is not primar- ily to figure out what goes on in other people's
framework for understanding particular men- tal states. Without the required concepts children have even dilliculty understanding
age of 4 or 5 years they cannot distinguish clearly between pretence and belief. Children
evolutionary interests lead to research and training, producingoutstanding investigators of animal behavior who contributed to com- parative psychology (Clark; Shaw; Rosen- blatt; Lehman).
SY087. German-speaking t r a d i t i o ~ in com-
m i n e Psychologie, Univeraitbt Konstanz,
psychology in Germanophone countries de- veloped along two separate strands. The com- parative behavior physiology strand associated with zoology flourished yielding to a continuous research tradition, culminating in the famous studies on bee behavior by Karl von Frisch. The strand associated with psy- chology resulted only in a minor, haphazard tradition, that was much buffeted by the va- rying schools of thought. Ethology, strongly shaped by Konrad Lmenz, fmm the fifties onwarde provided comparative psychology
impulse to such areas as animal learning and memory. But presently the field is mostly lan- guishing both in biology and psychology de- partments. These are largely dominated respectively, by molecular and applied ap- proaches. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsge- meinschafk
COMPAIWIWE ANALYSIS OF
Perception of concrete and abstract same-different relations by child, chim-
Fmnklin & Marshall College, Lamaster, PA,
PA, USA. Results h m YReference-for- Novelty" tests demonstrate that infant child- ren and chimpanzees perceive. both concrete and abstract identity/differencerelationships
monkeys failed to perceive that abstract rela- tions were the same or different; they at- tended instead to only physical similarities and Merences.
Data obtained from our comparative studies on the acquisition and the imitation of tool- using behaviors in monkeys, apes and child- ren will be presented. The same task (a transparent tube baited in the middle) w a s given to all subjects. Differences among species in the acquisition of tool-use behavior, and in the underetanding of the causesffect
relation to the ability to learn tool-use beha-
that the understanding of causeeffect rela- tionships and the ability to imitate are re- lated.
University of Georgia, Athens, GA. USA. Squirrel monkeys and humans discriminate at least seven fmm eight entities (e.g. 'dotsD or sides of randomly conetxucted polygons) under conditions where counting was likely precluded. However, C. R. Gallistel has in- sisted on a counting process interpretation of
that suggests aerial processing. Our research with humans shows cornparable response times for entities ranging from 3 to 10, sug- gesting that serial processing was not likely. More likely is a prototype matching process where an average abstract representation of each numerousness category (e.g. "seven-
trial-unique exemplars.
TH072.
Shao, J. Peking University, Beijing, China. Rhesus monkeys and pigeons are trained to perform the delayed matching to sample tasks, in which only number dimension is
mal to different samplecomparative stimuli pairs, we want to confirm the e&tence of animal numeral ability, and, try to, by chang- ing the symbols of samples and comparisons, reveal the internal process of number cogni- tion and find the features of their repre- sentations.
McGonigle, B., & Chalmers, M. Universily of
petences will be summarised designed to identify the basic mgnitiva components of ser- iation skills conventionally found to be
to aged eight years. Computer based buch
cations for cognitive and linguistic develop-
"Ei072.
5421, & Terrace, HS.(3) (1) Lehman College of CLTNY; Bronx, USA; (2) New York State Psy-
different task was used to study rhesus mon- keys' perceptions of photographs of faces of monkeys and humans. Error rates on 'differ- ent" trials were subjected to a multidimen- sional scaling analysis which provides estimates of psychological distances between
jects' judgments were made according to species categories, i.e. humans wem classified with humans and monkeys were classified with monkeys. These results will be discussed in terms of social perception and its under- lying neural basis.
" 7 2. 7 Cognitive development in stone-tool use
zawa, T.K p t o University, Kyoto, Japan. The tool-use behavior of wild chimpanzees, crack- ing nuts with a pair of stones as hammer and anvil, has been analyzed in an outdoor labor- atory in their natural habitat in Guinea. The chimpanzees showed a perfect hand-pref- erence using a hammer. There was a critical period at the age of 3 for mastering the skill. It took almost ten years for the young chim- panzees to master the tool-use to a refined
plied for the assessment of the development of tool -use.
monaga, M., & Matauzawa, T. Kpto Univer-
chimpanzee, "Ai. was trained to urn Arabic
display and also to name the number of dots appearing on a CRT terminal. Ai mastered the
in naming 5 through 10. She also mastered the skill of chmsinghabic numerals in ascending order. The data showed that for the chimpanzee
THE CHICKEN AS AMODEL FOR COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY (TH(yI3)
by (a) effects of asymmetries of visual, audi-
right or left hemisphere. The right hemis- phere is aapecially concerned with the assess- ment of novelty and of spatial relations. The left hemisphere is especially involved with the emission of appropriate response, and so with
as foodhon-food.
Cell biology of memory: the young chick as a model system. h e , S.P.R. Brain and Behavwur Research Group, The Open Univer-
avoidance learning in the day-old chick re- sults in lateralised enhancement of metabo- lism in two forebrain regions, intermediate medial hyperstriaturn ventrale and lobus pa- mlfactorius. The cellular cascade involves ac-
protein (B50), expression of the protein on- cogenes c-fox and c-jun and synthesis of new glycopmteins inwlved in synaptic remodell- ing. There are time-dependent increases in high frequency neumnal bursts in both IMHV
a hierarchical mode of neural representation of the avoidance response. These findings are discussed in the context of current neurobiol- ogical models of memory.
430 14. ETHOLDGYANDANIlllrLL BEHAVlOUR
ated from the mcial categorization as struc- tures of a technical thought (and speech) and those of cultural speech (and thought).
meaniqg. Robinson, C.N.B. Carleton Universrty, Ottawa, Canada. Acmrding to the dialectical approach to evolution, animaln live and evolve in a meaningful, ecological envi-
activity. An animal perceives meaning direct- ly h m its envimnment, in that an e n w n -
when combined with the theory of d o r - dancea, forma a basis for a theory of the evol- ution of meaning.
sted, N. University of Copenhagen, Copen-
possible to discern two diffemnt under- standings of behavior. One sees the organism aa an object and emphasizes behavior as an adaptive reaction to the environment, while the other sees the organism as a subject and emphasizes behavior as an active claim on the
organiam have sprung from t h i s difference, and the major schools of psychology are based
rooted in reality. The two baaic principles are intertwined, but can still be identified in pri- mordial stages of behavior in the evolution of life. The psychological consequences and broad perspective of t h i s view are discussed.
NGF regulation of intra- and interspe-
mandrei, G., & Alleoq E Lab. FOS, 1st. Sup. Sonitti, Rome, Italy. Rodent neurobeha- vioural ontogeny varies fmm altricial to pres- ocial development. We found clear evidence that ontogeny of exploratoryflocomotar activ-
lated by endogenous NGF. Polypeptide GF are very good candidates for explaining mechan- isma by which behavioural evolution proceeds through elementary changes in timing of ape- cific ontogenetic processes.
historical character is that human biological mechanisma have lost the deterministic in-
ly determine human psychological activity. Instead these mechanisms function as a potentiating substratum of psychological ac-
cial relations.
research. Florcher, 0. M., & Kadar, EX.
and Action, The UniversiQ of Connecticut,
ecological sciences which study the evolved reciprocity of living system and their envi-
both the information and energy/matter transaction between animals and their envi- ronments. Discussion of the notion of affor- dances and effectivities in animals perception
reveal regularities in 'size perception' be- tween species on the theoretical basis of direct realism. Further diecussion of t h i s issue will contrast ecological psychology and different
cal research.
the rose. McMullen, T.University of Sydney,
gives an account of intelligencein plants. That intelligence can be predicated ofthe vegetable kingdom is by no means a new claim. Earlier
especially Samuel Butler, author of Erewhon. Despite obvious differences between Butler and Gregory there are theoretical similarities. Elucidation of these calla into question the coherence ofthe general notion of intelligence.
viour in SouthMkicanuniversities. Sim- bayi, LC. University of Port Elizabeth, South
vey of psychology, biology o r zoology depart-
public of South Africa was camed out in 1990 to determine how many of them teach and/or mnduct research in the subdiscipline of ani-
parative psychology or both, and their future plans. Altogether 10 psychology and 12 biol- ogy/zoology departments responded to the questionnaire. Five psychology departments were queried by mail or personal communica- tion. All except one of the bioloalzoology de-
least a decade. Only 3 psychology depart- ments taught animal behaviour and the ma-
in the near future. Posaible explanations for these findinga and their implication for the future of the study of the discipline in South Africa are diacumed
SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES (THO7S)
TH076.
man primates. Rasmuaaen, DA. Animal Behaviour Research Institute, Madison, Wis- consin, USA. Here we present remlta of a research project on the social ecology of a provisioned troop of stumptail macaques liv- ing on Tanaxpill0 Inland in Lake Catemam, Mexim and a project conducted on a captive gmup of chimpanzees. Both projects have been conducted with collaboration between undergraduates and psychologists. Over 80 studente and 30 faculty members have worked on the projects. Support has been pm-
stitute. SFS, the Wisconsin Regional primate Research Center, NIMH, NIH, NSF, the UniversidadVeracruzana, the phi Kappa Phi, the Kluge Foundation, and the University of
cil.
Logistics in the conduct of a two year
donez, D.(2), Gum, L(3), Nash, A(4), & Ras-
Atlanta, Georgia, USA;'(2) North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North cardina, USA; ( 3 ) Guss Adventure n a v e l Productions, Kensington, Maryland. USA;(4) Kenyon Col- lege, Gambiq Ohio, USA; (5) Animal Beha-
USA. Thie presentation is focused on the log-
stumptail macaques on Tanaxpillo Island in Lake Catemam, Mexico. Although Tanaxpillo is only 6750 square meters, the troop moves 8s a unit about ita range. Fruits and veget- ables were provisioned daily. The population decreased from 39 individuals in 1988 to 35
top computers. A computer center was set u p in a nearby rain forest.
THM6.S
muasen, D.R.(S) (1) Oglethrpe Uniuersity, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;(2) North Cardina
USA; ( 3 ) Guss Adventure !Dave1 Productions, Kensington, Maryland, USA;(4) Kenyon Col- lege, Gambiec Ohio, USA; (5) Animal Beha- vior Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Over 80 students and 12 faculty wollred on the collection of data for this project in 1988 and 1989. Tbia number of personnel per- mitted collection of a representative sample on the behavior of focal subjects throughout
customed to the presence of observers and
allowed simultaneous verification and mrrec- tion ofobservations. Ateamconducted 14 min. sampling sessions on individual focal sub- jects.
variability in quadrat use to increase as cu- mulative observations increased since sub- jects would move less when observed. Variation in quadrat use increased signif- cantly with cumulative observations as pre- dicted, but area did not decrease with cumulative observations (Rasmussen, 1991).
use and cumulative observations. The results indicate the importance of analyses of ob- server effects on free-ranging primates.
THo16. Ie the range use of a troop of stumptail
mussen, D.R.(2), Valdespino Quevedo, C.(3), & Gorena. R.(4 (1) Yale University, New
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico; (4) University of h, Pan American, Edinburg, Zkras, USA. Thie study is focused on the relationships between daily variation in the use of Tanaxpillo Island by a troop of stumptail macaques and (1) the amount of time spent feeding, (2) weather, and (3) affi- iation. When more time was spent eating the widely dispersed and scarce natural foods, and less time was spent eating the food pmvi- sioned daily in clumped piles, the troop used a larger proportion of the island. The propor- tion of variation in range use associated with
foods was less than that associatedwith either weather or affiiative interactions.
THM6. Characteristics of 1 0 c a t i 0 ~ w h e r e
sexual activity. Fernandez, S.( 1 ), & Ras- mussen. D.R.(2) (1) Columbia University, New York, Nk: USA; (2) Animal Behavior Re-
ships between the rates of sexual activity of the Tanaxpillo troop of stumptail macaques, frequency of use of locations, and visibility in locations. The analyses are based on 196
members in 1989. Rate of sexual activity of individual focal subjects during daylight hours was found to be stmngly and signifi- cantly associated with all three environmen- talmeasures.The rateofsexualactivityofthe
of moderate visibility and to be less in areas of low visibility.
ORGANISATION IN ANKMALS ("086)
IN086.
tos, J.M..Agwdo, L, & Alonso Martinez, G. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain;
subjects, temporal discrimination was studied in a delay conditioningparadigm. Experiment
duration. Three retention teats at intervals of 3 , 7 and 20 days showed a progressive decline of temporal discrimination at all CS dura- tions, but a recovery of suppression
were tested for retention, each a t a different
are interpreted as showing a dissociation of associative memory and memory for time.
mows
University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Spatial orientation may depend on the inter- play between local cues h m the environment and the updating or 'integration' of internal signals generated during locomotion (dead reckoning). During food hoarding, golden
wardjourney to the food source and on distant visual cues to return to their nest. Conflict situations allow us to describe on what mndi- tions visual configurations are used as direc- tional references or as landmarks.
Search behavior of dogs (Ccuri. famil- i d ) in invisible displacement prob- lems. Gagnon, S., & Dore, F.Y. Universibi Laval, Quebec, Canada. Gagnon & Dore (1992) showed that domestic dogs can solve invisible displacement problems. However, dogs make more ermrs in these problems than in visible displamment tests. Experiment 1 examined components of the standard pmce- dure of invisible displacements that may make encoding or retention of the hiding loca- tion more diflicult than in visible displace- ment. In Experiment 2, delays of 0,lO and 20
sec. are introduced between the object's final
quence of eventa and the difficulty to repre- sent theinvisible transfer of an object explain dogs'lower performancesin invisibledisplace-
situation McHuZe, M A , & Steward, D. De- partment of Psychology, Northwestern State
trials per day in a straight alley. Group NLNS
preshiR training and 110 reward followed by small rewards during every day of p o W
collected fmm the second triala of every day w a s greatly influenced by the conditions a p u p experienced on the first trial of every day. Conversely, !irst trial performance was not Muenced by second trials conditions.
IN
tralia. The order of shock durations influences
The reverse, increasing order of shock dura- tions (shortest to longest) produces no escape
ment 1 showed that decreasing durations pro- duced the usual finickiness effect (heightened neophobia of quinine) whemas increasing durations produced no finickiness. However, the prevention ofdebilitations with increasing durations is not due to reduced fear of shock context (Experiment 2). These results are in- consistent with current theories. An alterna-
fear is advanced.
rats. ProbhakcU; T., & Job. RPS. Depcut-
m086.
indieator of spatial knowledge in young
& Poucet, B.(2) (1) Universitl Catholique de
ationtest. The spatial response wasevaluated
the spatial response was determined by com-
cant decrement in spatial reactivity, in object
The habituation curve and the reactivity to a new object were preserved. These reeulta cor-
procedures and support the idea that the spa-
related to a cognitive impairement. Suppo&d by UCB-Rbgion Wallonne Grant
TOPOGRAPHY IN ANIMALS (IN087)
IN087.
ale24 SM. Uniuersidade do S& Paulo, Brazil. This study compares three p u p s of rodents in equalized experimental settings to understandhow they adjusttheirbehavioural repertoire to temporal properties of contml- ling contingencies. Rats listar, rats loosed and
30,M and 120 sec. schedulesof reinforcement and9 behaviour categorieswere recorded. The interim and terminal distributions of respon- ses for FT 30 s e ~. were very similar among the three groups, but were very different for 120 sec.
IN
Conte, S. Psychology Department, University
studying animal behavior in the interaction with the environment. A new interest for the "foraging behavior" comes from the evolution- ary and ecological view point. Fitness of the organism can be evaluated from the balance between "spent energy" and Yassimilateden- ergy". We have created an artificial environ- ment, where we can observe new organisms, simulated by neural networks of the econets
organisms receive as input some informations about the environment and send as output
realized a genetic algorithm from Dutch re- sealch.
it was full.The snout was never used. The use of forepaws only, strikingly reeemblea the snake-directed eand-kicking in California
Response topographies and FR and FI
catepriaed by human observers. Consietspt variations in response. topographies between
species the signifcance of the authors’earlier work on reinforcement correlated behavior in humans.
IN087.
reinforcement: Further erperimenta-
tralia; (2) University of Adelaide, Australia.
are being studied with a view to exploring further variations in reinforcementcorrelated behavior in reinfomment schedulee. The re- sults of thie experimental work, still in pro-
adaptive behavior discussed.
IN087.
Japan; (2) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. An optimal behaviour model was used to assess the effects of choice strategies and change-over time on the response allocation
celtain number of reinforcements. The rate maximizing strategy assumed choices acmrd- ing to temporal probability of reinforcement for each \rl. The f w d number strategy re- sulted in shorter resident time in the superior VI than the rate maximizingstrategy and was more optimal. Iucreased change-over time re- sulted in longer resident time for superior VI.
sistent with real behaviour.
INo88.
peas. Aguodq L. & Calla, A. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Experiment 1 replicated the previously found effect of ke-
acquisition by ketamine injected prior to the
Experiment 2, with a latent inhibition
sure eliminated Li. In Experiment 3, ke-
preerpoeure on conditioning. Thia auggeats that ketamine blocks the acquisition of taate but not of illness information.
Institute, Novosibirsk, CIS. The 10-yearinves-
ways of foraging organization on the feeding epot irreepedive of the bumblebee’s species: the individual and collective foraging. Their realization depends on the amount of the for- agers, pretending to the spot. For the first time the evaluation of foraging space capacity was made for the most common speciea.Using the results of the work, one can estimate also
nesting in epring. All this can be used for the optimization of m p pollination and for the special reserves planning and ecological de- sign in anthmpgenoue landscape.
IN
l a t i o n i n ants.Bogutyrevq O A Institute of
vidual (often personalized) interactions among ants are the base ofthe income-andex- penditum pmcess of the energetical (mainly
balance of income and spending of energy idout of the society, the structuring and regu- lation of individual activity (who obtains the resource in the system and spends it) is
mark out teams with the most active ant at
only by that ant, it seems that it occupies the definite functional position. And all the mem-
bers of the team compose queue to this posi- tion. The percentage of functional positions are always balanced totally in the society and are regulated by the process which is often named "social mquest'.
IN088.
sity of Belfmt, Belfast, UK. The ability of domestic dogs to remgnise their siblings and mothers was examined using l-choice pref- erence tests. Pups 3 4 weeks old recognised their siblings and mothers. Re-testing the dogs after 2 years of separation indicated that
living with a sibling remgnised their mother
on their own recognised their mother but not their siblings. The results suggests that differ- ent mechanisms are used to recognise mo-
the social behaviour of canids is discussed.
The effects of uncontrollabdity of food deliveries on learning and food or place preferences. Job, RXS., & Eccleston, J.M. Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Australia. Debilitations produced by uncontrollable aversive events (learned help- lessness) also occur after uncontmllable food deliveries. Therefore, it may be adaptive to avoid such unmntrollability, by prefening mn- trollable environments and events. However, such preferences would require the animal to work for food. The lack of comparability of reinforcement density which has flawed past research was overcome by employing a yoked design. InExperiment 1 rats preferredcontrol- lable over uncontrollable environments. Ex- periment 2 showed that differentially flavoured contmllable food was preferred over flavoured uncontrollable food. This experi- ment overcomes the inherent problem of envi- ronmental preferences being confounded by search for the controlling manipulandum.
IN088. Facilitation of exploration and play in captive chimpanzees by the presentation
ofAdelaide, Adelaide. Australia. A number of novel objects were introducedinto the outdoor chimpanzee enclosure at Adelaide Zoo. These objects were designed to facilitate exploration and play, thereby reducing 'aberrant' beha- viours. One set of objects muld be manipu- lated to obtain food, while the second set of
objects was purely for exploration. The im- portance of taking the principles of explora- tory behaviour (novelty of stimulus, habituation, complexity) into account, when designing objects for behavioural enrichment in zoos is discussed
Japan. Rats were allowed to forage in the straight alley in laboratory and in semi-natu-
of food andthe distance between the food-sites and the nest-site were M e r e d. When food waa presented in only one place, the food carrying behavior increased as the fmd-size increased regardless of the distance from the nest-site.
were presented, rats were more likely to show food carrying behavior from the further food- sites and they tended to carry smaller foods.
IN
golden hamsters (Mesocricetw wrotw).
pharmacdogy Unit), University of Seville, Spain. The purpose of this study was to dem- onstrate unambiguous criteria to differentiate play fighting from serious fighting in ham- sters and to provide information on the effects
dent-intruder paradigm test was used to study these behaviours at different ages. An isolation rearing technique was used since it has been proven to produce similar effects on both behaviours. The behaviour patterns and the body targets of both were clearly identi- fied. Remarkably, little or no change in the nature of play fighting was registered along the developmental study although its fre- quency and duration decreased. Play activity was observed sporadically in gmup housed adult female animals which shows that play fighting does not disappear totally fmm the organisms repertoire to give place to adult aggression. The isolated animals play fought more and launched serious aggression in higher frequency than the socially reared ones. This supports the arguments in favour of the importance of early social experience on both play fighting and serious aggression and the relationship between both behaviours. Lack of motivation and tolerance, among others, could be a good explanation for the marked decline of play activity in adulthood.