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ethology and animal behaviour, Study notes of Zoology

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International Journal of Psychology
ISSN: 0020-7594 (Print) 1464-066X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pijp20
14. Ethology and Animal Behaviour
To cite this article: (1992) 14. Ethology and Animal Behaviour, International Journal of
Psychology, 27:3-4, 422-438, DOI: 10.1080/00207599208246896
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599208246896
Published online: 12 Jun 2011.
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Download ethology and animal behaviour and more Study notes Zoology in PDF only on Docsity!

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=pijp

International Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 0020-7594 (Print) 1464-066X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pijp

14. Ethology and Animal Behaviour

To cite this article: (1992) 14. Ethology and Animal Behaviour, International Journal of

Psychology, 27:3-4, 422-438, DOI: 10.1080/

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/

Published online: 12 Jun 2011.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 907

View related articles

14. ETHOLOGY AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

S Y O 8 4

Comparative analysis of learning.

Greenberg, C. Department of Psychology,

Wichita State University, Wichih, Kansas,

USA.

Is mmparative psychology general psychology as some have maintained? Thatia, do general

principles of behaviour exist, or are different

species governed by diffewnt behavioural principles? The presentations in this sympo-

sium, co-sponsored by the International So-

ciety for Comparative Psychology, address this issue and conclude that comparative psy-

chology has indeed identified global principles

of behaviour. This is shown to be true with

respect to principles of conditioning and learn-

ing (Bitterman, Hollis), memory processes (Ades), the acquisition anduse of expectancies (Overmier) and other cognitive processes (Poli and Previde), and the use^ of tools^ ( h a n o ).

sYo84.

Learning in honeybees. Bitterman, M.B.

University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA. The long-familiar denigration of 'general process' learning theory by ethologists has given way

in recent years to the more conciliatory view

that there are indeed some general. processes

or 'strategies" of learning which are only modulated or 'customized' in each species in accordance with ecological demands. More than a decade of systematic comparative work with honeybees, which commonly are thought to provide especially good examples of adap- tive specialization, has shown a wide range of phenomena well known fmm studies of learn-

ing in other animals and no evidence what-

ever of uniqueness. Several interesting implications of these results are considered.

Symposium co-sponsored by the "Interna-

tional Society for Comparative Psychology,'

affiiate organization of the lUPsys.

m 084 .! 2

On the generality of a principle of learn-

ing. Overmier, J.B. Center for Research in

Learning, Perception, and Cognition, Univer-

sity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. A new

procedure for the reinforcement ofconditional discrimination learning can lead to dramatic enhancement of short term memory based performance attributable to a mediating state

422

of 'expectancf. We show that acquisition and

use of expectancies is general across a range

of species including humnns, where it may

pmve of use in applied settings.

sYo84.

Pavlovian conditionins an ecological

approach. Hollis, EX.Mount Holyoke Col- lege, South Hadley, USA. Signaled presenta-

tiona of a rival or a mate produce Pavlovian

mnditioned responses in a freahwater tropical fish, the blue gourami (Trichogaater trichop-

terns). Previous work haa shown that these

anticipatory conditional responses increase the success with which males are able to de-

fend their territories against a rival and en-

hance the ability of both males and females to

attract and court a mate. Taken together with

more recent experiments that examine both

short-term and long-term benefits of condi- tional responding, this research suggests that Pavlovian conditioning may play aa import-

ant role in the ecology of this - and, perhaps,

many other - species.

SY084.

Specialized memory in an orb-web

spider. M a , C. a p t. of Experimental Psy-

chology, Institute of Psychology, Sdo Paolo,

Braril. Spiders offer an interesting oppor-

tunity to study a memory system strictly as-

sociated with species specific behaviors. The tropical orb-web spider Argiope argentata generally transporte to the hub the first cap- tured fly (preyl). If a^ second fly (prey21^ strikes

the web during ingestion of the firat, it is

wrapped and abandoned at the capture site, and the spider retrieves it later. A series of experiments shows that: (I) hoarding and re- trieval of prey 2 is not triggered by environ-

mental stimuli, but depends on memory

control; (2) information about previous cap- tures is acquired in a selective way; (3) reten- tion can be disturbed by stressful events; (4)

memorized information is used according to

contextual cues and lasts for as long as the envimmental demands remain. The spider's

memory system which in some aspects resem-

bles 'operational' memory, is interpreted as serving, among other functions, that of reduc- ing capture time.

424 14. ETHOLOGY AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

which they are adapted, I argue that the

learning mechanimn studied in classical con-

ditioning experiments is not a general pur- pose associative mechanism; rather, it is

specifically adapted to the solution of prob-

lems in multivariate, nonstationary time

series analysis. A model of the learning pro-

cess based on these assumptions is mathe-

matically simpler than contemporary associative models of conditioning and ac- counts for a bmader range of experimental ESUltS.

SY086.

Cognition and aorociation. Mockintoah,

N.J. University of Cambridge. Cambridge,

UK. Animal cognition is o h n opposed to

simple conditioning. But associative learning theory is now capable of explaining many phenomena once thought to fie outside the scope of simple conditioning, such as diecrimi- nation learning, categoriaation and pemp

tual learning. The problem is to decide when

the limits have been reached. Comparative

studies of different animals may provide one

way of answering this question: the argument

is illuted by studies of the learning of rela- tional rules in different animals.

SYOI36. Social VBIBUB nongocial cognition in pri-

mates. Whiten, A. University of St Andrews,

St h h s , UK. The 'Social Intellect (or Ma- chiavellian Intelligence)Hypothesis' ascribes the special brain power of anthropoid pri- mates to the cognitive demands of their social

life. Recent attempts to test this through

examination of the ecological correlates of encephalisation have produced confirmatory findings,yet the variables used remain crude. Analysis of the nature of social interactions in anthropoids suggests several dimensions of 'social complexity" which therefore need to be addressed in future numerical hypothesis- testing. These include the structure and dyna- mics of polyadic interactions, patterns of reciprocity, and mentalism

SY086.

The chimpanzee mind: cognitive abil-

ities in captivity and in the wild. Matsu-

zawa, T. Primate Research Institute, Kyoto

University, Aichi, Japan. I have studied the

cognition of chimpanzees in captivity and in

the wild. In captivity, a 14-yeardd female

chimpanzee, 'Ai", mastered a language-like

skill using yisual symbols called lexigrams to

name objects, color, number, etc. She learned to use Arabic numerals to name a number

from 1 to 10. She a h learned to construct

lexigrams from the elements. In the wild, I set

up an open-air laboratory to study wild chim-

panzees at Bossou, Guinea, who use a pair of

stones as hammer and anvil to open oil-palm

nuts. The results show a c o m n background

of cognitive skilln of chimpanzees in captivity

and in the wild,

SY086.

Computational mod& of representation

and recognition. Roitblat, E.L.University ofHawaii at Mama, Honolulu, USA. Delayed

matching-to-sample (DMTS) Fe an extremely

useful task for identifying the memory repre- sentations and processes animals use. The animal must observe the sample stimulus, encode information about its identity, retain

that information over a delay, identify the

correct matching comparison stimulus, and

respond tn the correct stimulus. This presen-

tation will review the representations ani- mals form for and in working memory and the processes they employ when using those rep. resentations. The emphasis will be on compu- tational models of these processes including the use of artificial neural networks.

SYO86.

Mental rotation in be boo^. Vwclair, J.,

Hopkins, W.C., & Fagot, J. Laborntoire de

Neurosciences Fonctionnelles, Centre Na- tional de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France. The phenomenon of mental rotation was examined in baboons and humans by use of a matching-to-sampleprocedure thmugh a video formatted test apparatus. Target stimu- li were presented either centrally or in one visual hemi-field and were matched to mm- parison stimuli of various orientations (fmm 0 to 300 degrees). A significant mental mta- tion effect was found in both baboons and humans but in baboons this effect was limited tn conditions where visual input was presented to the right visual-half field.

SY

Comparative studies of social behaviour:

mind-reading in development and

evolution Chadwick-Joner, J.K. St.

Mary's University, Halifzx, Canada.

The speakers discuss the most recent advan- ces in the comparative study of cognition in

non-human primates and children. Central to

this discussion is the interdisciplinary but mutual influence of studies of mind-reading or "theory of mind'. The symposium offers an

14. ETH0LDGYANDANIIUA.L BEHAVIOUR 425

approach to this topic h m several directions, from developmental psychology as well as pri- matology. For example, by focusing on decep- tion and pretence the differences between non-human and human capacities c m be ex- plored constructively. There is evidence of non-human primate pretence and imitation which can be assessed comparatively with children's understanding of particular mental states in others. Instances of deception and intentional communication are interpreted in

this interdisciplinary context. Thus, cognition

and representation in development and evol-

ution are^ discussed^ within^ a n equivalent

framework. The comparative approach and problem of "how can we read minds when we see only behaviour?' (Whiten & Perner, 1991, Natural Theories of Mind) are to be considered in relation to recent empirical research and current theoretical questions that have arisen.

SY086.

Studying cognition in baboons. Chad-

wick-Jonea, JJ. Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's University, Halifw Canada. Analyzing the social situations of baboons in detailed sequences can suggest new indicators of their cognitive capacities. A model that has been used for human conversations (the social contingency model) is applied to baboon inter- actions, giving a close view of the sequence of signals. Observational material collected in field and zoo research, for example, by Colme- nares (19911, Dunbar (1984) and Smuts (1985) is suitable for this analysis. Examples are presented of how the model can be used.

It can show evidence oftegies or Yplans". It can

contribute towards understanding the extent and limits of monkey capacities in social con- texts leading to a discussion of the related capacities of monkeys, apes and children.

S Y O 8 8 9

Cognitive limitationa to social skill in

primates. Dunbar, R.LkpartmentofAnthro-

pology, University College London. London.

UK. A comparative analysis of data for pri-

mates reveals a strong linear relationship be- tween the relative size of the neocortex and

the size of the social group. It seems that this

reflects an underlying cognitive limitation on animals' abilities to process information on some aspect of their social relationships. Ana- lysis of the size and structure of social net- works within groups suggests that the limitation lies in the nature ofthe particularly intense relationships at the heart of these networks rather than the absolute number of

relationships that an individual needs to monitor. This appears to reflect the animal's ability to exploit social knowledge in estab- lishing and servicing key alliances.

SYo86.3.

Attending to attention: mind-reading in

non-humanprimatesandhumaninfanta.

Gomez, J-C. Department of Psychology, Universidad Autdnoma, Ciudad, Universita-

riel de Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain. Mind-

reading (the ability to^ take into account^ the

mental states of other people) has emerged in

recent years as an important issue in primate

psychology. Some complexinteractionsinboth

human and aon-human primates (such aa de- ception and intentional communication) seem to require some form of sophisticated mind-

reading. The main point of contention is

whether mind-reading must involve second- order representation (i.e., representations of such unobservable events as the repre- sentations in the minds of others) or is it

possible to compute at least some mental

states of other people by means of first-order

representations (i.e., representations of ob-

servable events)? The aim of this paper is to ahow that sophisticated mind-reading can be achieved through first-order representations of such observable events as attentional and

emotional behaviors. It is proposed that in

primate evolution selective pressures have fa- vored animals that attended to the attention of others. The external manifestations of at- tention (such as gaze or body orientation) are pmbably the most direct behavioral reflection of mental states such as knowledge and inten-

tion. It is argued that instances of deception

and intentional communication reported in non-human primates and human infants can be interpreted as the result ofcomputing first- order representations of attentional states as causally related to first-order representations of behaviors.

SY086.

Belief and pretence: young children's

problem readingtheir own mind. Perner,

J. Department of Experimental Psychology,

Universityof Swsex, Brighton, UK. The main problem for the developingchild is not primar- ily to figure out what goes on in other people's

minds but to acquire the necessary conceptual

framework for understanding particular men- tal states. Without the required concepts children have even dilliculty understanding

their own mind. In particular, until about the

age of 4 or 5 years they cannot distinguish clearly between pretence and belief. Children

14. ETHOLDGYMDANIMAL BEHAMOUR 427

evolutionary interests lead to research and training, producingoutstanding investigators of animal behavior who contributed to com- parative psychology (Clark; Shaw; Rosen- blatt; Lehman).

SY087. German-speaking t r a d i t i o ~ in com-

parative psychology. Delius, J.D. Allge-

m i n e Psychologie, Univeraitbt Konstanz,

G e r m y. Until the late thirties comparative

psychology in Germanophone countries de- veloped along two separate strands. The com- parative behavior physiology strand associated with zoology flourished yielding to a continuous research tradition, culminating in the famous studies on bee behavior by Karl von Frisch. The strand associated with psy- chology resulted only in a minor, haphazard tradition, that was much buffeted by the va- rying schools of thought. Ethology, strongly shaped by Konrad Lmenz, fmm the fifties onwarde provided comparative psychology

with a new focus, giving even a much needed

impulse to such areas as animal learning and memory. But presently the field is mostly lan- guishing both in biology and psychology de- partments. These are largely dominated respectively, by molecular and applied ap- proaches. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsge- meinschafk

COMPAIWIWE ANALYSIS OF

PRIMATE COGNITION (TH072)

TH072.

Perception of concrete and abstract same-different relations by child, chim-

panzee, and monkey. Thornpaon,

R K R ( l ) , Oden, D.L(2), & Tyrrell, D J.(U (I)

Fmnklin & Marshall College, Lamaster, PA,

USA; ( 2 ) LaSalle University, Philadelphia,

PA, USA. Results h m YReference-for- Novelty" tests demonstrate that infant child- ren and chimpanzees perceive. both concrete and abstract identity/differencerelationships

directly. In contrast to child and ape, rhesus

monkeys failed to perceive that abstract rela- tions were the same or different; they at- tended instead to only physical similarities and Merences.

TH072.

Tool-we imitation in nonhuman pri-

matee and young children. Vialbeghi,

E, Institute of Psychology, CNR, Rome, Italy.

Data obtained from our comparative studies on the acquisition and the imitation of tool- using behaviors in monkeys, apes and child- ren will be presented. The same task (a transparent tube baited in the middle) w a s given to all subjects. Differences among species in the acquisition of tool-use behavior, and in the underetanding of the causesffect

involved in using tools will be discussed in

relation to the ability to learn tool-use beha-

vior from skilful individuals. It will be argued

that the understanding of causeeffect rela- tionships and the ability to imitate are re- lated.

TH072.

Noncounting numerical processee used

by monkeys and humans. Thonuu,RJL

University of Georgia, Athens, GA. USA. Squirrel monkeys and humans discriminate at least seven fmm eight entities (e.g. 'dotsD or sides of randomly conetxucted polygons) under conditions where counting was likely precluded. However, C. R. Gallistel has in- sisted on a counting process interpretation of

such data based on response time evidence

that suggests aerial processing. Our research with humans shows cornparable response times for entities ranging from 3 to 10, sug- gesting that serial processing was not likely. More likely is a prototype matching process where an average abstract representation of each numerousness category (e.g. "seven-

ness") is acquired through experience with

trial-unique exemplars.

TH072.

The comparative study of number cogni-

tion process in monkeyu. Yanjie, S., &

Shao, J. Peking University, Beijing, China. Rhesus monkeys and pigeons are trained to perform the delayed matching to sample tasks, in which only number dimension is

available. In analysing the choices of the ani-

mal to different samplecomparative stimuli pairs, we want to confirm the e&tence of animal numeral ability, and, try to, by chang- ing the symbols of samples and comparisons, reveal the internal process of number cogni- tion and find the features of their repre- sentations.

428 14. ETHOux3YANDANIMU BEHAWOUR

TH072.

Seriation in monkeys (Saimiri sciureus

and Cebus apellrr) and children.

McGonigle, B., & Chalmers, M. Universily of

Edinburgh. Edinburgh, UK. Convergingcom-

parative experiments on size relational com-

petences will be summarised designed to identify the basic mgnitiva components of ser- iation skills conventionally found to be

amongst the most strongly indexical of

changes in human cognitive development up

to aged eight years. Computer based buch

screen procedures have enabled us ta study

serial and ordinal computational abilities first

in isolation, then in combination with impli-

cations for cognitive and linguistic develop-

ment which w i l l be discussed.

"Ei072.

Similarity judgmenta of facial stimuliby

rhesue monkeys. Swartz, &B.(l), Gibbon

5421, & Terrace, HS.(3) (1) Lehman College of CLTNY; Bronx, USA; (2) New York State Psy-

chiatric Institute, New brk, USA; (3) Cohm-

bia University, New b r k. USA. A same-

different task was used to study rhesus mon- keys' perceptions of photographs of faces of monkeys and humans. Error rates on 'differ- ent" trials were subjected to a multidimen- sional scaling analysis which provides estimates of psychological distances between

stimuli. The resulta suggested that the sub-

jects' judgments were made according to species categories, i.e. humans wem classified with humans and monkeys were classified with monkeys. These results will be discussed in terms of social perception and its under- lying neural basis.

" 7 2. 7 Cognitive development in stone-tool use

b y wild chimpanzees in Guinea Matru-

zawa, T.K p t o University, Kyoto, Japan. The tool-use behavior of wild chimpanzees, crack- ing nuts with a pair of stones as hammer and anvil, has been analyzed in an outdoor labor- atory in their natural habitat in Guinea. The chimpanzees showed a perfect hand-pref- erence using a hammer. There was a critical period at the age of 3 for mastering the skill. It took almost ten years for the young chim- panzees to master the tool-use to a refined

level. An action grammar analysis w a s ap-

plied for the assessment of the development of tool -use.

TH072.

Concept of number in a chimpanzee. !b

monaga, M., & Matauzawa, T. Kpto Univer-

sity, Kyoto, Japan. A 16-yeardd female

chimpanzee, "Ai. was trained to urn Arabic

numerala ta name the number of items in a

display and also to name the number of dots appearing on a CRT terminal. Ai mastered the

numerical naming from one to ten. The re-

sponse latency was almost equal in naming for

numbera up to 4, but m o ~ t o ~ ~ i ~ d yincreased

in naming 5 through 10. She also mastered the skill of chmsinghabic numerals in ascending order. The data showed that for the chimpanzee

numbers constitute at least an ordinal scale.

THE CHICKEN AS AMODEL FOR COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY (TH(yI3)

TH(yIs.

Lateralisationinthe domestic chick.An-

drew, R J. School of Biological Sciences,

University of Sussex. UK. Hemispheric spe-

cialieation ia suggested in the domestic chick

by (a) effects of asymmetries of visual, audi-

tory and olfactary input, or of unilatedin-

sulk (b) changes in behaviour on days of life

when there is a strong bias to controlby either

right or left hemisphere. The right hemis- phere is aapecially concerned with the assess- ment of novelty and of spatial relations. The left hemisphere is especially involved with the emission of appropriate response, and so with

the assignment of stimuli to categories such

as foodhon-food.

THO

Cell biology of memory: the young chick as a model system. h e , S.P.R. Brain and Behavwur Research Group, The Open Univer-

sity, Milton Keynes, UK. One-trial passive

avoidance learning in the day-old chick re- sults in lateralised enhancement of metabo- lism in two forebrain regions, intermediate medial hyperstriaturn ventrale and lobus pa- mlfactorius. The cellular cascade involves ac-

tivation of NMDA receptors and phos-

phorylation of a 52kD presynaptic membrane

protein (B50), expression of the protein on- cogenes c-fox and c-jun and synthesis of new glycopmteins inwlved in synaptic remodell- ing. There are time-dependent increases in high frequency neumnal bursts in both IMHV

and LPO, and lesions ofthese regions indicate

a hierarchical mode of neural representation of the avoidance response. These findings are discussed in the context of current neurobiol- ogical models of memory.

430 14. ETHOLDGYANDANIlllrLL BEHAVlOUR

ated from the mcial categorization as struc- tures of a technical thought (and speech) and those of cultural speech (and thought).

TH074.

Affordancett and the evolution of

meaniqg. Robinson, C.N.B. Carleton Universrty, Ottawa, Canada. Acmrding to the dialectical approach to evolution, animaln live and evolve in a meaningful, ecological envi-

ronment, not in an external, autonomous one.

This approach accorda with James Gibson's

( 1979) theory ofdordances, which states that

affordances are properties of an environment

taken with reference to a given animal and ita

activity. An animal perceives meaning direct- ly h m its envimnment, in that an e n w n -

ment will d o r d certain actions to that

animal. I argue that the dialectical appmach,

when combined with the theory of d o r - dancea, forma a basis for a theory of the evol- ution of meaning.

TE1074.

T w o bade principles of behavior. Engel-

sted, N. University of Copenhagen, Copen-

hagen, Denmark. In human philosophical and

scientific thinking through history, it is

possible to discern two diffemnt under- standings of behavior. One sees the organism aa an object and emphasizes behavior as an adaptive reaction to the environment, while the other sees the organism as a subject and emphasizes behavior as an active claim on the

world. Completely different perceptions of the

organiam have sprung from t h i s difference, and the major schools of psychology are based

on these diverae views. Both conceptions are

rooted in reality. The two baaic principles are intertwined, but can still be identified in pri- mordial stages of behavior in the evolution of life. The psychological consequences and broad perspective of t h i s view are discussed.

TH074.

NGF regulation of intra- and interspe-

cific behavioural maturation. Cola-

mandrei, G., & Alleoq E Lab. FOS, 1st. Sup. Sonitti, Rome, Italy. Rodent neurobeha- vioural ontogeny varies fmm altricial to pres- ocial development. We found clear evidence that ontogeny of exploratoryflocomotar activ-

ity in under cholinergic control, in turn regu-

lated by endogenous NGF. Polypeptide GF are very good candidates for explaining mechan- isma by which behavioural evolution proceeds through elementary changes in timing of ape- cific ontogenetic processes.

TH074.

The fnnctlonal autonomy of peychologi-

cal activity from biological mechanisms.

Ratner, C. Humbddlt State University, Cali-

fornia, USA. The reason that human psycho-

logy haa sociohistarical basis and a mcio-

historical character is that human biological mechanisma have lost the deterministic in-

fluence on behavior that they have in animals.

Evidence will demonstrate that genes, sense

organs, hormones, andthe cortex do not strid-

ly determine human psychological activity. Instead these mechanisms function as a potentiating substratum of psychological ac-

tivity, the content of which depends upon 80-

cial relations.

TH074.

The ecological approach to perception

and action: Implications for ethological

research. Florcher, 0. M., & Kadar, EX.

Center for the Ecdogical Study of Perception

and Action, The UniversiQ of Connecticut,

USA. Ecological psychology is a discipline of

ecological sciences which study the evolved reciprocity of living system and their envi-

ronment. Ecological psychology focuses on

both the information and energy/matter transaction between animals and their envi- ronments. Discussion of the notion of affor- dances and effectivities in animals perception

and action, will be conducted in an attempt to

reveal regularities in 'size perception' be- tween species on the theoretical basis of direct realism. Further diecussion of t h i s issue will contrast ecological psychology and different

other approaches to tml behavior in ethologi-

cal research.

TH074.

Vegetable intelligence: The wisdom of

the rose. McMullen, T.University of Sydney,

Sydney, Australia. In his discussion of the

concept of intelligence, R.L. Gregory (1981)

gives an account of intelligencein plants. That intelligence can be predicated ofthe vegetable kingdom is by no means a new claim. Earlier

writers on this theme includeMaeterlinck and

especially Samuel Butler, author of Erewhon. Despite obvious differences between Butler and Gregory there are theoretical similarities. Elucidation of these calla into question the coherence ofthe general notion of intelligence.

TH074.

Teaching and research in animal beha-

viour in SouthMkicanuniversities. Sim- bayi, LC. University of Port Elizabeth, South

Africa. A descriptivequestionnaire-based sur-

14. ETHOLQGYANDANIMAL BEHAWOUR 431

vey of psychology, biology o r zoology depart-

ments at all 21 universities found in the Re-

public of South Africa was camed out in 1990 to determine how many of them teach and/or mnduct research in the subdiscipline of ani-

mal behaviour, i.e. either ethology or com-

parative psychology or both, and their future plans. Altogether 10 psychology and 12 biol- ogy/zoology departments responded to the questionnaire. Five psychology departments were queried by mail or personal communica- tion. All except one of the bioloalzoology de-

partments that have responded teach courses

in animal behaviour and have done so for at

least a decade. Only 3 psychology depart- ments taught animal behaviour and the ma-

jority of the departments did not plan to do so

in the near future. Posaible explanations for these findinga and their implication for the future of the study of the discipline in South Africa are diacumed

SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES (THO7S)

TH076.

Introduction to the Young Psychologists'

Program on the social ecology of nonhu-

man primates. Rasmuaaen, DA. Animal Behaviour Research Institute, Madison, Wis- consin, USA. Here we present remlta of a research project on the social ecology of a provisioned troop of stumptail macaques liv- ing on Tanaxpill0 Inland in Lake Catemam, Mexim and a project conducted on a captive gmup of chimpanzees. Both projects have been conducted with collaboration between undergraduates and psychologists. Over 80 studente and 30 faculty members have worked on the projects. Support has been pm-

vided by the Animal Behavior Research In-

stitute. SFS, the Wisconsin Regional primate Research Center, NIMH, NIH, NSF, the UniversidadVeracruzana, the phi Kappa Phi, the Kluge Foundation, and the University of

Texas -Pan American Faculty Research Coun-

cil.

THO

Logistics in the conduct of a two year

research project on the social ecology of

stumptail macaques. Menendez, D.(1), Or-

donez, D.(2), Gum, L(3), Nash, A(4), & Ras-

mussen, D.R.(5) (I) Oglethorpe Uniuersity,

Atlanta, Georgia, USA;'(2) North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North cardina, USA; ( 3 ) Guss Adventure n a v e l Productions, Kensington, Maryland. USA;(4) Kenyon Col- lege, Gambiq Ohio, USA; (5) Animal Beha-

uior Research Institute, M&on. Wisconsin,

USA. Thie presentation is focused on the log-

istics of a project on the social ecology of

stumptail macaques on Tanaxpillo Island in Lake Catemam, Mexico. Although Tanaxpillo is only 6750 square meters, the troop moves 8s a unit about ita range. Fruits and veget- ables were provisioned daily. The population decreased from 39 individuals in 1988 to 35

individuals in 1989. Data analyses mggest

the food present is not sufficient to maintain

the population. All data were collected on lap

top computers. A computer center was set u p in a nearby rain forest.

THM6.S

Sampling methods used in a two year

awearch project on the social ecology of

stumptail macaqueo. M e n e m h , D. ( I ) , Or-

donez, D.(2), Gum, L(3), Nash, A.(4), & Raa-

muasen, D.R.(S) (1) Oglethrpe Uniuersity, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;(2) North Cardina

State University, Raleigh, North Cardina,

USA; ( 3 ) Guss Adventure !Dave1 Productions, Kensington, Maryland, USA;(4) Kenyon Col- lege, Gambiec Ohio, USA; (5) Animal Beha- vior Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Over 80 students and 12 faculty wollred on the collection of data for this project in 1988 and 1989. Tbia number of personnel per- mitted collection of a representative sample on the behavior of focal subjects throughout

all hours of the day. The macaques were ac-

customed to the presence of observers and

caretaken and therefore allowed us to ap-

proach within 1-bm. Teams of 3 to 6 observers

mllected data on a focal subject. Teams

allowed simultaneous verification and mrrec- tion ofobservations. Ateamconducted 14 min. sampling sessions on individual focal sub- jects.

14. ETHOLBGYANDANIMAL REHAVIOUR 433

variability in quadrat use to increase as cu- mulative observations increased since sub- jects would move less when observed. Variation in quadrat use increased signif- cantly with cumulative observations as pre- dicted, but area did not decrease with cumulative observations (Rasmussen, 1991).

Partial correlation analyses support a causal

link between increased variation in quadrat

use and cumulative observations. The results indicate the importance of analyses of ob- server effects on free-ranging primates.

THo16. Ie the range use of a troop of stumptail

macaques more influenced b y food,

weather or affiliation? Biggs, R(1), Ras-

mussen, D.R.(2), Valdespino Quevedo, C.(3), & Gorena. R.(4 (1) Yale University, New

Haven, CT. USA; (2) Animal Behavior Re-

search Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;(3)

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico; (4) University of h, Pan American, Edinburg, Zkras, USA. Thie study is focused on the relationships between daily variation in the use of Tanaxpillo Island by a troop of stumptail macaques and (1) the amount of time spent feeding, (2) weather, and (3) affi- iation. When more time was spent eating the widely dispersed and scarce natural foods, and less time was spent eating the food pmvi- sioned daily in clumped piles, the troop used a larger proportion of the island. The propor- tion of variation in range use associated with

time spent feeding on natural or provisioned

foods was less than that associatedwith either weather or affiiative interactions.

THM6. Characteristics of 1 0 c a t i 0 ~ w h e r e

stumptail macaques have high rates of

sexual activity. Fernandez, S.( 1 ), & Ras- mussen. D.R.(2) (1) Columbia University, New York, Nk: USA; (2) Animal Behavior Re-

search Institute. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

TEE investigation is focused on the relation-

ships between the rates of sexual activity of the Tanaxpillo troop of stumptail macaques, frequency of use of locations, and visibility in locations. The analyses are based on 196

hours of focal samples collectedon the 36 troop

members in 1989. Rate of sexual activity of individual focal subjects during daylight hours was found to be stmngly and signifi- cantly associated with all three environmen- talmeasures.The rateofsexualactivityofthe

troop as a whole tended to be greater in areas

of moderate visibility and to be less in areas of low visibility.

SPATLALANDTEMPORAL

ORGANISATION IN ANKMALS ("086)

IN086.

~ e c t oof retention interval on long-term

memory for stimulus duration. Rosas San-

tos, J.M..Agwdo, L, & Alonso Martinez, G. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain;

Universidad Pais V i c o , Spain. In two mndi-

tioned suppreesion experiments with rats as

subjects, temporal discrimination was studied in a delay conditioningparadigm. Experiment

1 showed that responses decreased as a pro-

portion of total CS time, rather than its total

duration. Three retention teats at intervals of 3 , 7 and 20 days showed a progressive decline of temporal discrimination at all CS dura- tions, but a recovery of suppression

throughout the CS. Similar results were ob-

tained in experiment 2 in which four groups

were tested for retention, each a t a different

interval of 3, 7, 15 or 20 days. These results

are interpreted as showing a dissociation of associative memory and memory for time.

mows

Spatial orientation of rodenta by visual

cues and dead reckoning. Etienne, A S.

University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Spatial orientation may depend on the inter- play between local cues h m the environment and the updating or 'integration' of internal signals generated during locomotion (dead reckoning). During food hoarding, golden

hamsters rely on the integration of the out-

wardjourney to the food source and on distant visual cues to return to their nest. Conflict situations allow us to describe on what mndi- tions visual configurations are used as direc- tional references or as landmarks.

IN

Search behavior of dogs (Ccuri. famil- i d ) in invisible displacement prob- lems. Gagnon, S., & Dore, F.Y. Universibi Laval, Quebec, Canada. Gagnon & Dore (1992) showed that domestic dogs can solve invisible displacement problems. However, dogs make more ermrs in these problems than in visible displamment tests. Experiment 1 examined components of the standard pmce- dure of invisible displacements that may make encoding or retention of the hiding loca- tion more diflicult than in visible displace- ment. In Experiment 2, delays of 0,lO and 20

434 14. ETHOLOGYANDANIMAL BEHAWOUR

sec. are introduced between the object's final

disappearance and s u b j d s release. Resulta

revealed that both the complexity of the se-

quence of eventa and the difficulty to repre- sent theinvisible transfer of an object explain dogs'lower performancesin invisibledisplace-

menta.

IN066.

Contextual cue0 in an incentive shift

situation McHuZe, M A , & Steward, D. De- partment of Psychology, Northwestern State

University of Louisiana, Natchitoehes, USA.

Gol&sh were assigned to group with two

trials per day in a straight alley. Group NLNS

experienced no reward on the first and large

reward on the second trial of every day of

preshiR training and 110 reward followed by small rewards during every day of p o W

training. The remaining groups were NS-NS,

LNSN, SNSN, LGSS, SSSS, Ls-NS, and

LS-SN. Incentive shift performnnce on data

collected fmm the second triala of every day w a s greatly influenced by the conditions a p u p experienced on the first trial of every day. Conversely, !irst trial performance was not Muenced by second trials conditions.

IN

The elTecta of order O f shock duration on

debilitation (learned helpleosness) in

ment of Psycho@, University of Sydney,Aus-

tralia. The order of shock durations influences

the learned helplessness' effect. Decreasing

shock durations (longest 6rst decreasing over

trials to shortest last) produces helplessness.

The reverse, increasing order of shock dura- tions (shortest to longest) produces no escape

debilitation (Balleine 8 Job, 1991). Experi-

ment 1 showed that decreasing durations pro- duced the usual finickiness effect (heightened neophobia of quinine) whemas increasing durations produced no finickiness. However, the prevention ofdebilitations with increasing durations is not due to reduced fear of shock context (Experiment 2). These results are in- consistent with current theories. An alterna-

tive acceount in terms of conditionability of

fear is advanced.

rats. ProbhakcU; T., & Job. RPS. Depcut-

m086.

A study of exploratory behaviour as an

indieator of spatial knowledge in young

and old rats. Sofie, M. ( l ) , Buhot, M.C.(2),

& Poucet, B.(2) (1) Universitl Catholique de

huvain, Belgique; (2) CNRS Marseille,

France. The age effects on locomotor activity,

exploration, habituation and response to spa-

tial change were studied in male Wi&ar rats

(24 and 6 months old) using an object explor-

ationtest. The spatial response wasevaluated

by the renewal of exploration of a familiar

object after its repositioniag. The specificity of

the spatial response was determined by com-

parieon with control animals never submitted

to spatial change. Results showed a signifi-

cant decrement in spatial reactivity, in object

exploration and lowmotor activity in old rats.

The habituation curve and the reactivity to a new object were preserved. These reeulta cor-

roborate those obtained with other spatial

procedures and support the idea that the spa-

tial deficit observed in old rate is specifically

related to a cognitive impairement. Suppo&d by UCB-Rbgion Wallonne Grant

RESPONSE SELXCTIONAND

TOPOGRAPHY IN ANIMALS (IN087)

IN087.

A comparative study of temporal control

inrodents.Bueno, LO.,Paula,C.B..&Fort-

ale24 SM. Uniuersidade do S& Paulo, Brazil. This study compares three p u p s of rodents in equalized experimental settings to understandhow they adjusttheirbehavioural repertoire to temporal properties of contml- ling contingencies. Rats listar, rats loosed and

hamsters were submitted to Fixed Time (FT)

30,M and 120 sec. schedulesof reinforcement and9 behaviour categorieswere recorded. The interim and terminal distributions of respon- ses for FT 30 s e ~. were very similar among the three groups, but were very different for 120 sec.

IN

Adaptive bebaviore in ecosystems of neu-

ral networks. Miglino, O., Pedone, R., &

Conte, S. Psychology Department, University

of Palerrno, Italy. The aim of the ethology is

studying animal behavior in the interaction with the environment. A new interest for the "foraging behavior" comes from the evolution- ary and ecological view point. Fitness of the organism can be evaluated from the balance between "spent energy" and Yassimilateden- ergy". We have created an artificial environ- ment, where we can observe new organisms, simulated by neural networks of the econets

family, that learn in this environment. The

organisms receive as input some informations about the environment and send as output

motor responses. In this perspective we have

realized a genetic algorithm from Dutch re- sealch.

436 14. E T H O L Q G Y A N D A N I U BEHAVIOUR

it was full.The snout was never used. The use of forepaws only, strikingly reeemblea the snake-directed eand-kicking in California

ground aquirrels. The poaaible adaptive aigni-

ficance and evoking stimulue in the condition-

ing situation are diecussed

IN087.

Response topographies and FR and FI

schedules of reinforcement: Some ex-

perimental findinp. Metzer, J.C., Dalziel,

F.R., & McCarmn, L.K. University of South

Australia; University of Adelaide, Austmlia.

Rats’ behavior on F’R and FI echedulea were

catepriaed by human observers. Consietspt variations in response. topographies between

the schedulee were reported and are de-

scribed. Theae hding.8 generalise to another

species the signifcance of the authors’earlier work on reinforcement correlated behavior in humans.

IN087.

Response topographiesand schedulesof

reinforcement: Further erperimenta-

tion. McCorrpn, I.K.(l), Metzer, J.C.(l), &

Dalziel, F.R.(2). (1) University of South Aus-

tralia; (2) University of Adelaide, Australia.

Response topographies of rats’ bar-pressing

behavior on echedules other than FR and FI

are being studied with a view to exploring further variations in reinforcementcorrelated behavior in reinfomment schedulee. The re- sults of thie experimental work, still in pro-

gress, are briefly reported andimplications for

adaptive behavior discussed.

IN087.

Optimal choice behaviour for different

strategies on concurrent schedule.

Yamdu, E.(l), Kuno, H.(2), & Iwamoto,

T(2). (1) Rakuno Oakuen University, Ebetsu,

Japan; (2) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. An optimal behaviour model was used to assess the effects of choice strategies and change-over time on the response allocation

and efficiency for concurrent VI-VI schedule.

The f i e d number strategy assumed immedi-

ate transfer to another choice &r getting a

celtain number of reinforcements. The rate maximizing strategy assumed choices acmrd- ing to temporal probability of reinforcement for each \rl. The f w d number strategy re- sulted in shorter resident time in the superior VI than the rate maximizingstrategy and was more optimal. Iucreased change-over time re- sulted in longer resident time for superior VI.

Choices in short change-over time were con-

sistent with real behaviour.

FOOD SELECTIONAND SOCIAL

BEHAVIOUR INANIMACS (pJO88)

INo88.

Effects of the NMDA-receptorantagonist

ketamine on memory for taote and ill-

peas. Aguodq L. & Calla, A. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Experiment 1 replicated the previously found effect of ke-

tamine on taste-aversion in rats: blocking of

acquisition by ketamine injected prior to the

task expoaure but not prior to illneae. In

Experiment 2, with a latent inhibition

(Li)paradigm,ketamine before tasta preeorpo-

sure eliminated Li. In Experiment 3, ke-

tamine befom preexposure to lithium-induced

fieea did not alter the retardatory effect of

preerpoeure on conditioning. Thia auggeats that ketamine blocks the acquisition of taate but not of illness information.

IN

Spatio-temporalorganizationof bumble-

bee’~ foraging. Bogatyreu, N.R. Biological

Institute, Novosibirsk, CIS. The 10-yearinves-

tigations showed the exiatance of 2 potential

ways of foraging organization on the feeding epot irreepedive of the bumblebee’s species: the individual and collective foraging. Their realization depends on the amount of the for- agers, pretending to the spot. For the first time the evaluation of foraging space capacity was made for the most common speciea.Using the results of the work, one can estimate also

the capacity of the places, suitable for queen

nesting in epring. All this can be used for the optimization of m p pollination and for the special reserves planning and ecological de- sign in anthmpgenoue landscape.

IN

Functional position’s balance ae the

mechanism of the process of social mgu-

l a t i o n i n ants.Bogutyrevq O A Institute of

Philosophy and Law,Novosibirsk, CIS. Indi-

vidual (often personalized) interactions among ants are the base ofthe income-andex- penditum pmcess of the energetical (mainly

trophical) resource of the community. To keep

balance of income and spending of energy idout of the society, the structuring and regu- lation of individual activity (who obtains the resource in the system and spends it) is

necessary. In the functional groups we can

mark out teams with the most active ant at

the head of it. As the real work is conducted

only by that ant, it seems that it occupies the definite functional position. And all the mem-

14. ETHOLOGYANDANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 437

bers of the team compose queue to this posi- tion. The percentage of functional positions are always balanced totally in the society and are regulated by the process which is often named "social mquest'.

IN088.

The ontogenesis of kin recognition in the

domestic dog. Eepper, P.G. Queen's Univer-

sity of Belfmt, Belfast, UK. The ability of domestic dogs to remgnise their siblings and mothers was examined using l-choice pref- erence tests. Pups 3 4 weeks old recognised their siblings and mothers. Re-testing the dogs after 2 years of separation indicated that

(i) mothers recognised their offspring, (ii) dogs

living with a sibling remgnised their mother

and unfamiliar siblings, and (iii) dogs living

on their own recognised their mother but not their siblings. The results suggests that differ- ent mechanisms are used to recognise mo-

thers and siblings. The importance of this for

the social behaviour of canids is discussed.

IN

The effects of uncontrollabdity of food deliveries on learning and food or place preferences. Job, RXS., & Eccleston, J.M. Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Australia. Debilitations produced by uncontrollable aversive events (learned help- lessness) also occur after uncontmllable food deliveries. Therefore, it may be adaptive to avoid such unmntrollability, by prefening mn- trollable environments and events. However, such preferences would require the animal to work for food. The lack of comparability of reinforcement density which has flawed past research was overcome by employing a yoked design. InExperiment 1 rats preferredcontrol- lable over uncontrollable environments. Ex- periment 2 showed that differentially flavoured contmllable food was preferred over flavoured uncontrollable food. This experi- ment overcomes the inherent problem of envi- ronmental preferences being confounded by search for the controlling manipulandum.

IN088. Facilitation of exploration and play in captive chimpanzees by the presentation

of novel objects. Litchfield, C.A. University

ofAdelaide, Adelaide. Australia. A number of novel objects were introducedinto the outdoor chimpanzee enclosure at Adelaide Zoo. These objects were designed to facilitate exploration and play, thereby reducing 'aberrant' beha- viours. One set of objects muld be manipu- lated to obtain food, while the second set of

objects was purely for exploration. The im- portance of taking the principles of explora- tory behaviour (novelty of stimulus, habituation, complexity) into account, when designing objects for behavioural enrichment in zoos is discussed

IN088.

Foraging behavior of r a t e in laboratory

and semi-natural environment. Nahat-

suyama, E. University of Ibukuba, Zbaraki,

Japan. Rats were allowed to forage in the straight alley in laboratory and in semi-natu-

ral enclosure. In both environments, the size

of food andthe distance between the food-sites and the nest-site were M e r e d. When food waa presented in only one place, the food carrying behavior increased as the fmd-size increased regardless of the distance from the nest-site.

On the other hand, when several food-sites

were presented, rats were more likely to show food carrying behavior from the further food- sites and they tended to carry smaller foods.

IN

Plaflighting veIsus serious fighting in

golden hamsters (Mesocricetw wrotw).

Onykwere, D.I., MartinRamirez, J., &Men-

doza, D.L. Psychobiology Laboratory (Etha-

pharmacdogy Unit), University of Seville, Spain. The purpose of this study was to dem- onstrate unambiguous criteria to differentiate play fighting from serious fighting in ham- sters and to provide information on the effects

of early isolation on both behaviours. A resi-

dent-intruder paradigm test was used to study these behaviours at different ages. An isolation rearing technique was used since it has been proven to produce similar effects on both behaviours. The behaviour patterns and the body targets of both were clearly identi- fied. Remarkably, little or no change in the nature of play fighting was registered along the developmental study although its fre- quency and duration decreased. Play activity was observed sporadically in gmup housed adult female animals which shows that play fighting does not disappear totally fmm the organisms repertoire to give place to adult aggression. The isolated animals play fought more and launched serious aggression in higher frequency than the socially reared ones. This supports the arguments in favour of the importance of early social experience on both play fighting and serious aggression and the relationship between both behaviours. Lack of motivation and tolerance, among others, could be a good explanation for the marked decline of play activity in adulthood.