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Protein summit 2.0 brought together experts to discuss the latest research on protein's role in human health. The recommended dietary allowance (rda) and acceptable macronutrient distribution range (amdr) for protein, and how healthcare practitioners can use these guidelines to help clients optimize their protein intake for health. The document also covers the importance of high-quality protein and evenly distributing protein intake throughout the day.
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A supplement to the June 2015 edition of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition contains five comprehensive reviews from presentations and discussions at Protein Summit 2.0. The protein-focused topics were identified by a scientific steering committee to further the understanding of the amount, timing of intake and quality of dietary protein to improve public health. The evidence presented in these reviews underscores the importance of optimal intakes of high-quality protein and timing of protein intake throughout the day to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, improve metabolic function and support healthy aging.
Attendees at Protein Summit 2.0 discussed how healthcare practitioners can use both the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) as guides to help clients optimize protein intake for health. The RDA is defined as “…an estimate of the minimum daily average dietary intake level that meets the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals,” which for protein is 0.8g/kg body weight/day (or 56g protein/day for men weighing 154 pounds and 46g protein/day for women weighing 125 pounds).^2
The AMDR was established in the 2002/2005 Dietary Reference Intake report published by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. It expresses protein intakes as percentages of total calories, and provides a broader range of protein intake, from 10 to 35 percent of calories, or about 50g to 175g a day for people consuming 2,000 calories each day. This intake range is “associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases, while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients.”^2 Although many Americans consume protein at or above the RDA, an emerging body of research supports an approach that moderately enhances goals, using ranges within the AMDR, and balances protein intake throughout the day to improve many health outcomes.
While the AMDR expresses intakes as a percentage of calories, the RDA estimates protein needs based on absolute amounts calculated relative to body weight. Investigators have used both approaches to test hypotheses on the relationship between varying levels of protein intake on health outcomes, and either can be used by practitioners to estimate protein intakes for their clients. Recommendations based on body weight offer the advantage of setting a baseline or an absolute intake of protein needed to ensure adequate essential amino acids and simplify protein distribution among meals and snacks, while calculations based on a percentage of calories (AMDR) offer flexibility in determining protein targets based on individual health goals and dietary pattern preferences.
Scientific evidence presented at Protein Summit 2. supports enhancing high-quality protein intake to achieve positive health outcomes by:
Both the RDA and AMDR can be used to assess protein needs. Determining someone’s protein needs with the RDA relies solely on an individual’s body weight and results in a recommendation of a single amount of protein, while the AMDR provides an acceptable protein intake range as a percentage of total energy intake and can be customized based on an individual’s activity level, health status and goals. Consequently, practitioners should be aware that protein needs determined using the RDA are limited compared to those generated using the AMDR. For example, when assessing an individual’s protein needs using the RDA alone, care should be taken to ensure that protein intake as a percentage of total energy intake falls within the AMDR and protein intake is customized to the individual.
* This amount is based on collective findings from the Supplement papers. Individual sections in this resource refer to slightly different amounts, within this range, reflecting the scientific evidence in that specific health benefit area.
Weight Management Considering the obesity epidemic, strategies to effectively achieve and maintain a healthy body weight are a public health priority. Shorter-term, tightly-controlled feeding studies reviewed in “The Role of Protein in Weight Loss and Maintenance”^3 support the benefits of higher protein, weight loss diets compared to similar lower protein diets. Specifically, higher protein (i.e., 1.2 to 1.6g/kg/day), weight loss diets result in greater losses in body weight and body fat, preservation of lean body mass and reductions in triglycerides, blood pressure and waist circumference. Recent attention focuses on protein- induced satiety (feeling of fullness) as a potential mechanism to help explain protein’s weight management benefits, as evidence indicates higher protein meals enhance satiety. Whether this leads to subsequent reductions in food (caloric) over the course of a day or longer intake is under investigation.
Consider the following examples:
1 Rodriguez NR. Introduction to Protein Summit 2.0: Continued exploration of the impact of high-quality protein on optimal health. Ameri- can Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015.
2 Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2002/2005.
3 Leidy HJ, Clifton PM, Astrup A, Wycherley TP, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Woods SC, Mattes RD. The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015.
4 Layman DK, Anthony TG, Rasmussen BB, Adams SH, Lynch CJ, Brinkworth GD, Davis TA. Defining meal requirements for protein to optimize metabolic roles of amino acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015. 5 Paddon-Jones D, Campbell WW, Jacques PF, Kritchevsky SB, Moore L, Rodriguez N, Van Loon LJC. Protein and healthy aging. Ameri- can Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015.
6 Phillips SM, Fulgoni III VL, Heaney RP, Nicklas TA, Slavin JL, Weaver CM. Commonly con- sumed protein foods contribute to nutrient intake, diet quality, and nutrient adequacy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015. 7 Rodriguez NR, Miller SL. Effective translation of current dietary guidance: Understanding and communicating the concepts of minimal and optimal levels of dietary protein. Ameri- can Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015.
eggnutritioncenter.org
Translation and Application of Dietary Protein Guidance “Effective Translation of Current Dietary Guidance: Understanding and Communicating the Concepts of Minimal and Optimal Levels of Dietary Protein”^7 encourages registered dietitian nutritionists and other healthcare practitioners to help combat misperceptions related to protein such as the widely communicated message that “Americans eat too much protein” and to facilitate the effective interpretation and application of dietary protein guidance. In certain cases, some persons may benefit from protein intakes greater than the RDA, but within the AMDR. This has been demonstrated in individuals struggling to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, in athletes and physically active individuals to improve performance, in middle-aged and older adults to help offset age-related losses in muscle mass and bone, and in others seeking to reduce risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Protein quality, specifically selecting high-quality protein foods providing essential amino acids, is an important consideration in designing diets for health and well-being.