Download Exam 1 | BIO 2550 - Principles Of Human Physiology and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Anatomy
the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts TERM 2
Physiology
DEFINITION 2 the study of how the body and its parts work or function TERM 3
Metabolism
DEFINITION 3 all chemical reactions that occur within body cells Breakdown and building of essential substances by cells, production and use of energy rich molecules to power cellular TERM 4
Excretion
DEFINITION 4 process of removing wastes from the body. Digestive and urinary systems rid the body of these wastes. TERM 5
Reproduction
DEFINITION 5 can occur on the cellular or organismal level
Growth
increase in size and cellularity Cell constructing activities must happen faster than cell destroying activities TERM 7
Nutrients
DEFINITION 7 food for energy and cell building (proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins) TERM 8
Oxygen
DEFINITION 8 required in all chemical reactions that release energy from food TERM 9
Water
DEFINITION 9 60-80% of body weight, most abundant chemical substance in the body TERM 10
Temperature
DEFINITION 10 around 98F (37C). Too low = slowing of metabolism, too high = chemical reactions happen faster, proteins begin to break down
Intrinsic control
mechanisms operate at the tissue and organ levels Often make use of chemical signals Ex: prostaglandins are sent as signals to nearby cells when heart muscle is TERM 17
Extrinsic control
DEFINITION 17 outside control that operates at the system and organismal level Usually involves nervous and endocrine regulation TERM 18
Matter
DEFINITION 18 has mass and occupies space, can be seen, smelled, and felt TERM 19
Solids
DEFINITION 19 definite shape and volume: bones, teeth TERM 20
Liquids
DEFINITION 20 definite volume: blood, plasma
Gasses
no definite shape or volume: air we breath TERM 22
Physically
DEFINITION 22 does not alter the basic nature of the substance (water to ice, cutting into smaller pieces) TERM 23
Chemically
DEFINITION 23 alters the composition of a substance (fermentation, digestion) TERM 24
Energy
DEFINITION 24 massless and does not take up space, measured by its effects on matter TERM 25
Kinetic energy
DEFINITION 25 doing work or putting matter into motion
Elements
cannot be broken down into simpler substances composed of atoms atom from greek word meaning incapable of being divided TERM 32
Proton
DEFINITION 32 positive charge- 1 amu TERM 33
Neutron
DEFINITION 33 uncharged- 1 amu TERM 34
Electron
DEFINITION 34 negative charge small compared to protons or neutrons yet have a strong negative charge TERM 35
Electrical charge
DEFINITION 35 the ability of an atom to attract or repel other charged atoms
Atomic
number
equal to the number of protons in each element TERM 37
Atomic mass
DEFINITION 37 sum of masses of protons and neutrons in nucleus TERM 38
Atomic weight
DEFINITION 38 isotopes of each element variations in the neutron content (have same atomic number but different atomic mass) TERM 39
Radioisotopes
DEFINITION 39 heavier isotopes are unstable and tend to spontaneously decompose radioactivity TERM 40
Molecules
DEFINITION 40 when two or more of the same element combine chemically H (atom) + H (atom) H2 (molecule)
Synthesis reactions
two or more atoms combine to form a more complex compound Involve bond formation Energy-absorbing reactions Are part of all anabolic reactions in cells Important in gr TERM 47
Decomposition reactions
DEFINITION 47 a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or atoms Bonds are broken Chemical energy is released Underlie catabolic processes in cells Digestion, breakdown of gl TERM 48
Exchange reactions
DEFINITION 48 both synthesis and decomposition of bonds A switch between molecule parts Most are reversible ATP ADP reaction TERM 49
Factors influencing chemical reactions
DEFINITION 49 Temperature Concentration of reacting particles Particle size Presence of catalysts TERM 50
Inorganic Compounds
DEFINITION 50 small, simple molecules that lack carbon Water, salts, acids, and bases
most abundant inorganic compound in the body High heat capacity Universal solvent, acts as a transport and exchange medium in body Chemical reactivity in hydrolysis reac TERM 52
Salts
DEFINITION 52 Ionic compounds containing cations and anions Common in the body (calcium and phosphorus) easily dissociate into their ions Vital to body functions (nerve impulses, Ir TERM 53
Acids
DEFINITION 53 A substance that can release hydrogen ions (H+) proton donors Acids that ionize completely and lose protons are strong acids TERM 54
Bases
DEFINITION 54 Can accept hydrogen ions, are considered proton acceptors Hydroxides are common inorganic bases hydroxyl ion (OH-) is released Na TERM 55
pH
DEFINITION 55 the relative amount of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions in various body fluids
Lipids
large compounds that enter the body in fat, egg yolks, milk products, and oils Three types: Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids TERM 62
Triglycerides-neutral fats
DEFINITION 62 Major source of stored energy in the body Glycerol combined with 3 fatty acid chains Single covalent bonds between carbons in fatty acid chains = saturated Solid at TERM 63
Phospholipids
DEFINITION 63 Phosphorus containing head group takes place of one of the fatty acid chains This head group is charged, gives polarity Polar head group interacts with water and ions h TERM 64
Steroids
DEFINITION 64 Made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, and are largely fat soluble TERM 65
Cholesterol
DEFINITION 65 most important steroid molecule essential for human life found in cell membranes backbone for making Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts Sex hormones essent
Proteins
Account for over 50% of the organic matter of the body Construction materials for tissues and organs Cell functions TERM 67
Amino Acids
DEFINITION 67 20 common varieties of amino acids all have an amine group (NH2) to give basic properties all have acid group (COOH) for acidic properties identical except for the TERM 68
Fibrous proteins
DEFINITION 68 structural Important for binding and strength of tissues TERM 69
Collagen
DEFINITION 69 bones, cartilage, tendons TERM 70
Keratin
DEFINITION 70 hair, nails, and skin
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Provides chemical energy usable by all cells in the body Adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups Contains high energy phosphate bonds that w TERM 77
Membrane Transport
DEFINITION 77 the means by which substances get through the plasma membrane TERM 78
Solution
DEFINITION 78 a homogenous mixture of two or more components (air, seawater) TERM 79
Solvent
DEFINITION 79 the substance present in the largest amount (dissolving medium) Water is the bodies chief solvent TERM 80
Solutes
DEFINITION 80 components or substances present in smaller amounts, tiny, do not settle out
Intracellular fluid
(nucleoplasm and cytosol) solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients, salts, all dissolved in water TERM 82
Interstitial fluid
DEFINITION 82 fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of cells Contains thousands of ingredients (nutrients, hormones, salts, waste products) Each cell must extract from the int TERM 83
Selective permeability
DEFINITION 83 a barrier that allows some substances to pass through while excluding others Nutrients in wastes out TERM 84
Passive transport
DEFINITION 84 transport of substances across membrane without energy input from cell TERM 85
Active transport
DEFINITION 85 cell provides metabolic energy (ATP) that drives transport
Hypertonic
the fluid with higher osmotic pressure and higher impermeable solutes TERM 92
Hypotonic
DEFINITION 92 the fluid with lower osmotic pressure and lower impermeable solutes TERM 93
Facilitated Diffusion
DEFINITION 93 provides passage for certain substances (glucose) that are lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through pores Molecules move down concentration gradients but a protein TERM 94
Channel-mediated
DEFINITION 94 membrane channels or pores where water, small molecules, or ions can pass sodium or chloride channels, aquaporins TERM 95
Carrier-mediated
DEFINITION 95 molecules move down their concentration gradients with the help of a membrane carrier
Active Transport Process
Cell uses ATP to move substances across membrane Substances usually too large to passively transport across, cannot dissolve into fat, have to move against concentration TERM 97
Active Transport
DEFINITION 97 requires protein carriers that combine with substances to transport them across the membrane TERM 98
Solute Pumps
DEFINITION 98 Uses ATP to energize its protein carriers TERM 99
Sodium-Potassium Pump
DEFINITION 99 carries Sodium ions out of and Potassium ions into the cells TERM 100
Calcium Pump
DEFINITION 100 in membranes of muscle cells particularly can force nearly all of the intracellular calcium ions into special compartments
