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Russian populism
as ideology, was socially more radical and utopian than Ukrainian populism. Idealizing peasant traditions, especially communal farming, Russian populist thinkers came to believe that the obshchina (peasant commune) could serve as the foundation of a future socialist Russia. By modernizing and building on the commune, Russia could bypass capitalist development and move directly to the next, higher stage, socialism. TERM 2
Narodnaya Volya, English Peoples Will, or
Peoples Freedom
DEFINITION 2 19th-century Russian revolutionary organization that regarded terrorist activities as the best means of forcing political reform and overthrowing the tsarist autocracy. TERM 3
Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov
DEFINITION 3 was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. He was a founder of the Social-Democratic movement in Russia. Plekhanov contributed many ideas to Marxism in the area of philosophy and the roles of art and religion in society. TERM 4
Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party
DEFINITION 4 Marxist revolutionary party ancestral to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Founded in 1898 in Minsk, the Social-Democratic Party held that Russia could achieve socialism only after developing a bourgeois society with an urban proletariat. It rejected the populist idea that the peasant commune, or mir, could be the basis of a socialist society that could bypass the capitalist stage. TERM 5
Vladimir Ilyich
Lenin
DEFINITION 5 was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (19171924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.
Lev Davidovich
Bronstein
Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico TERM 7
A l e k s a n d r F y o d o r o v i c h K e r e n s
k i i
DEFINITION 7 w a s a R u s s i a n p o l i t i c i a n. K e r e n s k y s e r v e d a s t h e s e c o n d P r i m e M i n i s t e r o f t h e R u s s i a n P r o v i s i o n a l G o v e r n m e n t u n t i l V l a d i m i r L e n i n w a s e l e c t e d b y t h e A l l - R u s s i a n C o n g r e s s o f S o v i e t s f o l l o w i n g t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n. H e d i e d i n e x i l e. TERM 8
Menshevik
DEFINITION 8 (Russian: One of the Minority: )plural Mensheviks, or Mensheviki, member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party, which evolved into a separate organization. TERM 9
Bolshevik
DEFINITION 9 (Russian: One of the Majority), plural Bolsheviks, or Bolsheviki, member of a wing of the Russian Social- Democratic Workers Party, which, led by Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia (October 1917) and became the dominant political power. TERM 10
Th e P a r t y o f S o c i a l i s t s - R e v o l u t
i o n a r i e s
DEFINITION 10 w a s a m a j o r p o l i t i c a l p a r t y i n e a r l y 2 0 t h c e n t u r y R u s s i a a n d a k e y p l a y e r i n t h e R u s s i a n R e v o l u t i o n.
L i v a d i a P a l a c
e
w a s a s u m m e r r e t r e a t o f t h e l a s t R u s s i a n t s a r , N i c h o l a s I I , a n d h i s f a m i l y i n L i v a d i y a , C r i m e a i n s o u t h e r n U k r a i n e. TERM 17
Alexander III
DEFINITION 17 reigned as Tsar (Emperor) of Russia from March 14, 1881 until his death in 1894. Alexander III reversed the constitutional reforms that his father, Alexander II, had enacted to further the modernization and democratization of Russia. By stopping and reversing these reforms, Alexander III sought to correct what he considered to be the too liberal tendencies of the previous reign. TERM 18
A l i x o f H e s s
e
DEFINITION 18 w a s E m p r e s s c o n s o r t o f R u s s i a a s s p o u s e o f N i c h o l a s I I , t h e l a s t E m p e r o r o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e. TERM 19
Grigory Yefimovich Rasputin
DEFINITION 19 Siberian peasant and mystic whose ability to improve the condition of Aleksey Nikolayevich, the hemophiliac heir to the Russian throne, made him an influential favourite at the court of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra. TERM 20
Sergey Yulyevich,
DEFINITION 20 Count Witte Russian minister of finance (18921903) and first constitutional prime minister of the Russian Empire (190506), who sought to wed firm authoritarian rule to modernization along Western lines.
P e t r A r k a d y e v i c h S t o l y p i
n
s e r v e d a s N i c h o l a s I I ' s C h a i r m a n o f t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s ( P r i m e M i n i s t e r ) f r o m 1 9 0 6 t o 1 9 1 1
. H e b e c a m e k n o w n f o r h i s h e a v y - h a n d e d a t t e m p t s t o b a t t l e r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s a n d f o r i n s t i t u t i n g t h e a g r a r i a n r e f o r m. TERM 22
A s t a r e t s
DEFINITION 22 is a n e l d e r o f a R u s s i a n O r t h o d o x m o n a s t e r y w h o f u n c t i o n s a s v e n e r a t e d a d v i s e r a n d t e a c h e r. TERM 23
A D u m a
DEFINITION 23 i s a n y o f v a r i o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a s s e m b l i e s i n m o d e r n R u s s i a a n d R u s s i a n h i s t o r y. TERM 24
Soviet
DEFINITION 24 an elected governmental council in a Communist country TERM 25
Tobolsk
DEFINITION 25 city, Tyumen oblast (region), west-central Russia. It lies at the confluence of the Irtysh and Tobol rivers. Founded in 1587, it was one of the chief centres of early Russian colonization in Siberia because it lay along an important river route to the east, but it declined when bypassed by the Trans-Siberian Railroad in the 1890s
Ivan III
subdued most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or by the voluntary allegiance of princes, rewon parts of Ukraine from PolandLithuania, and repudiated the old subservience to the Mongol-derived Tatars. He also laid the administrative foundations of a centralized Russian state. TERM 32
Ivan IV
DEFINITION 32 first proclaimed tsar of Moscow. His reign saw the completion of the construction of a centrally administered Russian state and the creation of an empire that included non-Slav states. TERM 33
Peter the Great
DEFINITION 33 ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V. He carried out a policy of modernization TERM 34
Catherine the Great
DEFINITION 34 reigned as Empress of Russia from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death (17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796). Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines. TERM 35
serfdom
DEFINITION 35 , condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord
Westernizer, Russian Zapadnik,
in 19th-century Russia, especially in the 1840s and 50s, one of the intellectuals who emphasized Russias common historic destiny with the West, as opposed to Slavophiles, who believed Russias traditions and destiny to be unique. TERM 37
Crimean War,
DEFINITION 37 (October 1853February 1856), war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support, from January 1855, by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont. The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle East and was more directly caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan. TERM 38
Alexander
II
DEFINITION 38 1818-81, czar of Russia (1855-81), son and successor of Nicholas I. He ascended the throne during the Crimean War (1853-56) and immediately set about negotiating a peace TERM 39
M i
r
DEFINITION 39 w a s a S o v i e t a n d l a t e r R u s s i a n s p a c e s t a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n a l i n l o w E a r t h o r b i t f r o m 1 9 8 6 t o 2 0 0 1. TERM 40
zemstvo,
DEFINITION 40 organ of rural self-government in the Russian Empire and Ukraine; established in 1864 to provide social and economic services, it became a significant liberal influence within imperial Russia.
Dual Alliance, also called Franco-Russian
Alliance
, a political and military pact that developed between France and Russia from friendly contacts in 1891 to a secret treaty in 1894; it became one of the basic European alignments of the pre-World War I era. Germany, assuming that ideological differences and lack of common interest would keep republican France and tsarist Russia apart, allowed its Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse in 1890. In the event of war, France wanted support against Germany; and Russia, against Austria-Hungary. TERM 47
Stavka
DEFINITION 47 w a s t h e t e r m u s e d t o r e f e r t o c o m m a n d e l e m e n t o f a r m e d f o r c e s f r o m t h e t i m e o f t h e K i e v a n R u s 2 , m o r e f o r m a l l y d u r i n g t h e h i s t o r y o f I m p e r i a l R u s s i a a s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f a n d G e n e r a l H e a d q u a r t e r s d u r i n g l a t e 1 9 t h C e n t u r y I m p e r i a l R u s s i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h o s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n. TERM 48
Feliks Iusupov
DEFINITION 48 was best known for participating in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, the faith healer who was said to have influenced decisions of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna. TERM 49
Tsarevich
DEFINITION 49 a Slavic term for the Tsar's son. Under the Pauline house law, the term was discontinued. The tsar's eldest son (and Heir Apparent), came to be called Tsesarevich. His younger brothers were called Grand Dukes. TERM 50
Provisional Government
DEFINITION 50 w a s t h e s h o r t - l i v e d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o d y w h i c h s o u g h t t o g o v e r n R u s s i a i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e a b d i c a t i o n o f T s a r N i c h o l a s I I i n M a r c h 1 9 1 7 ( N i c h o l a s ' m a n i f e s t o f a b d i c a t i o n
Dual
power
a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power," (dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Revolution in which two powers, the workers councils (or Soviets, particularly the Petrograd Soviet) and the official state apparatus of the Provisional Government coexisted with each other and competed for legitimacy TERM 52
Franz
Ferdinand
DEFINITION 52 was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.[1] His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World War I.
