Download Exam 1 terms | MICB 4171 - Biology, Genetics, and Pathogenesis of Viruses and more Quizzes Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Variolation
inoculation of healthy individuals with material from a smallpox pustule into a scratch made on the arm. TERM 2
Koch's postulates
DEFINITION 2 are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease The microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated. TERM 3
Adolf Eduard
Mayer
DEFINITION 3 He demonstrated that the disease can be transmitted by using the sap from the affected tobacco plants as the inoculum to infect healthy plants TERM 4
Ivanovsky
DEFINITION 4 He discovered that both diseases were caused by an extremely minuscule infectious agent, capable of diffusing through porcelain Chamberland filters, something which bacteria could never do TERM 5
Beijerinck
DEFINITION 5 He demonstrated that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium.
Wendell Stanley
Was an American biochemist, virologist and Nobel laureate. His researches on the virus causing the mosaic disease in tobacco plants led to the isolation of a nucleoprotein which displayed tobacco mosaic virus activity. TERM 7
Foot and mouth disease
DEFINITION 7 Foot-and-mouth disease or hoof-and-mouth disease is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids. TERM 8
tissue culture
DEFINITION 8 Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, while the more specific term plant tissue culture is being named for the plants. TERM 9
zoonotic
DEFINITION 9 is any infectious disease that can be transmitted between species (in some instances, by a vector) from animals to humans or from humans to animals TERM 10
Louis Pasteur
DEFINITION 10 In 1885 he inoculated rabbits with material from the brain of a cow infected with rabies virus and then used aqueous suspensions of dried spinal cords from these animals to infect other rabbits. attenuated
lysogenic
is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome The newly integrated genetic material, called a prophage can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division TERM 17
primary cell
DEFINITION 17 restricted to cells that grew out of organs or tissues maintained in nutrient solutions under sterile conditions TERM 18
Satellites
DEFINITION 18 s are composed of nucleic acid molecules that depend for their multiplication on coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus. TERM 19
satellite virus
DEFINITION 19 When a satellite encodes the coat protein in which its nucleic acid is encapsidated, it is referred to as a satellite virus TERM 20
M cells
DEFINITION 20 M cells are cells found in the follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyer's patch. They transport organisms and particles from the gut lumen to immune cells across the epithelial barrier, and thus are important in stimulating mucosal immunity. they have the unique ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine via endocytosis or phagocytosis, and then deliver it via transcytosis to dendritic cells
transcytosis
is the process by which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell. TERM 22
lipid raft
DEFINITION 22 The plasma membrane of cells is made of a combination of glycosphingolipids and protein receptors organized in glycolipoprotein microdomains termed lipid rafts. TERM 23
permissive
DEFINITION 23 When a cell or host is defined as permissive in virology, it refers to the fact that the virus is able to circumvent host defenses and is able to replicate. TERM 24
poliomyelitis
DEFINITION 24 often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. TERM 25
cytopathic effect
DEFINITION 25 refers to degenerative changes in cells, especially in tissue culture, and may be associated with the multiplication of certain viruses. When in tissue culture, the spread of virus is restricted by an overlay of agar (or other suitable substance) and thus the cytopathic effect may lead to formation of viral plaque It can be used to monitor the progress of an infection, and it is often one of the phenotypic traits by which mutant viruses are characterized.
Hemagglutination
is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells. TERM 32
transfection
DEFINITION 32 is restricted to the introduction of viral DNA or RNA into cells with the goal of obtaining virus replication TERM 33
Deletion mutation
DEFINITION 33 is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing. TERM 34
Insertion mutation
DEFINITION 34 is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. TERM 35
Substitution mutation
DEFINITION 35 can correspond to one or more nucleotides, are often made in coding or noncoding regions
nonsense mutation
is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product. TERM 37
missense mutation
DEFINITION 37 is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid TERM 38
marker transfer
DEFINITION 38 .A less direct, but effective, method for introducing mutations into these viral DNA genomes TERM 39
suppressor mutation
DEFINITION 39 is a mutation that counteracts the phenotypic effects of another mutation. TERM 40
tropism
DEFINITION 40 is a biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus.
bacteriophage T
Its double-stranded DNA genome is about 169 kbp long and is held in an icosahedral head, also known as a capsid. TERM 47
VP
DEFINITION 47 VP16 or -TIF is a trans-acting protein that forms a complex with the host transcription factors Oct-1 and HCF to induce immediate early gene transcription in the herpes simplex viruses. TERM 48
CD
DEFINITION 48 is known as the poliovirus receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PVR gene. TERM 49
CD
DEFINITION 49 The CD44 antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. TERM 50
Icam-
DEFINITION 50 thas been characterized as a site for the cellular entry of human rhinovirus.
Lfa-
is found on all T-cells and also on B-cells, macrophages and neutrophils and is involved in recruitment to the site of infection. TERM 52
neuraminidase
DEFINITION 52 enzymes are glycoside hydrolase enzymes that cleave the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids. catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal sialic acid residues from the newly formed virions and from the host cell receptors. required for release of virions bound to the surfaces of infected cells, facilitating virus spread through the respiratory tract TERM 53
CD46 and CAR
DEFINITION 53 Adenoviruses receptors TERM 54
canyons
DEFINITION 54 in the capsids of some rhinoviruses and enteroviruses are the sites of interaction with cell surface receptors TERM 55
RNA pseudoknot
DEFINITION 55 is formed when a single-stranded loop region base pairs with a complementary sequence outside the loop. Such structures are important for RNA synthesis, translation, and assembly.
