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cuticle
the protective layer, containing cutin, that covers the
epidermis of higher plants
TERM 2
stomata
DEFINITION 2
is a pore, found in the leaf and stem epidermis through which
gases are exchanged.
TERM 3
Vascular System
DEFINITION 3
an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids
and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc.
TERM 4
gymnosperms
DEFINITION 4
seed-bearing plants, whose seeds do not form inside fruits
but outside the ovum.
TERM 5
angiosperms
DEFINITION 5
The flowering plants are the most diverse group of land
plants, whose seeds form inside flowers or fruit
Three Major Adaptions that allowed plants to
successfully transition to land
1. Absorb nutrients from soil= from soil and transport the
nutrients throughout the plant 2. Conserve water= cuticle
and stomata 3. Reproductive Changes= spores aide
dispersal
TERM 7
Three Minor Adaptions that allowed plants to
successfully transition to land
DEFINITION 7
1. Vascular System 2. Seeds 3. Flowers and Fruits
TERM 8
Advantage of Seed
DEFINITION 8
Dispersal, Dormancy, Germination, Nourishment
TERM 9
Importance of fruit and flowers
DEFINITION 9
fruit- protect seeds, aid in dispersal when ingested flower-
attract pollinators
TERM 10
Fungus
DEFINITION 10
secrete digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients
Coelomates
large organisms with body cavities not used for support
TERM 17
protostome
DEFINITION 17
a clade of animals whose mouth develops from the
blastopore
TERM 18
deuterostomes
DEFINITION 18
anus develops from blastopore
TERM 19
notochord
DEFINITION 19
stiff but flexible rod shaped body found in embryos of all
chordates
TERM 20
Evolutionary Importance of Sexual
Reproduction
DEFINITION 20
1. Increased Genetic Diversity 2. Independent Assortment 3.
Crossing Over 4. Random Fertilization
Primary role of fungi
primary decomposers
TERM 22
What type of metabolism is associated with
plants?
DEFINITION 22
photosynthesis
TERM 23
What type is associated with fungi?
DEFINITION 23
chemoheterotrophs
TERM 24
List the key evolutionary trends in animals.
DEFINITION 24
1. Body Symmetry,
Asymmetric(sponges)=>radial=>bilateral 2. Body Cavities 3.
Notochord and nerve cords 4. Jaws, Gills => Jaws 5. Legs and
Lungs 6. The Egg 7. Live Birth
TERM 25
Function of Body Cavity
DEFINITION 25
house and protect the internal organs
2 advantages of live birth, compared to laying
eggs
1. mother has flexibility to move about for protection and
feeding 2. fetus allowed longer development time
TERM 32
Ecology
DEFINITION 32
the interaction between organisms and their environment
TERM 33
Population Ecology
DEFINITION 33
the dynamics of species populations and how these
populations interact with the environment. 1.density and
distribution 2. age structure 3. population growth & size
TERM 34
Population Size
DEFINITION 34
the number of individual organisms in a population.
TERM 35
Population Growth
DEFINITION 35
the change in a population over time
Exponential Population Growth
has a constant birth rate through time and is never limited by
food or disease
TERM 37
Carrying Capacity
DEFINITION 37
the population size of the species that the environment can
sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water and other
necessities available in the environment.
TERM 38
Primary Factors of Population Dynamics
DEFINITION 38
population size, immigration/emigration, births/deaths
TERM 39
Logistic Population Growth
DEFINITION 39
the growth rate decreases with increasing number of
individuals until it becomes zero when the population
reaches a maximum
TERM 40
Density-dependent population regulation
DEFINITION 40
negative feedback regulation. Competition for Resources.
Territoriality. Health. Predation.
Intraspecific Competition
members of the same species vie for the same resource in an
ecosystem
TERM 47
Interspecific Competition
DEFINITION 47
individuals of different species vie for the same resource in
an ecosystem
TERM 48
Competitive Exclusion
DEFINITION 48
species that is better competitor will out compete and
exclude another species from an area
TERM 49
Resource Partitioning
DEFINITION 49
the process by which natural selection drives competing
species into different patterns of resource use or different
niches. (e.g. temperature range) allowing more species to
coexist
TERM 50
Ecological Niche
DEFINITION 50
the total use by a species of the biotic and abiotic resources
in environment. The relational position of a species or
population in its ecosystem to each other
Realized Niche
species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower
than fundamental niche, and to which they are mostly highly
adapted
TERM 52
Fundamental Niche
DEFINITION 52
The full range of environmental conditions (biological and
physical) under which an organism can exist
TERM 53
What processes limit the growth and size of a
population?
DEFINITION 53
Carrying Capacity. Competition. Territoriality. Health.
Predation.
TERM 54
Species Richness
DEFINITION 54
the number of different species in a given area
TERM 55
Species Diversity
DEFINITION 55
an index that incorporates the number of species in an area
and also their relative abundance
Parasitism
type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different
species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the
expense of the host.
TERM 62
Keystone Species
DEFINITION 62
a species that has a disproportionate effect on community
diversity. Foundation species alter environment, influence
diversity (ex: beaver)
TERM 63
disturbance
DEFINITION 63
a temporary change in average environmental conditions
that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem. Natural
disasters, remove and recycle organic detritus, regenerate
available habitat.
TERM 64
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
DEFINITION 64
local species diversity is maximized when ecological
disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent.
TERM 65
ecological succession
DEFINITION 65
refers to more or less predictable and orderly changes in the
composition or structure of an ecological community.
generalist species
species able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental
conditions and can make use of a variety of different
resources
TERM 67
specialist species
DEFINITION 67
can only thrive in a narrow range of environmental
conditions or has a limited diet
TERM 68
primary succession
DEFINITION 68
it is the gradual growth of an ecosystem over a longer period
of time
TERM 69
secondary succession
DEFINITION 69
occurs on substrate that previously supported vegetation
before an ecological disturbance such as forest fire, tsunami,
flood, destroyed the plant life
TERM 70
food web
DEFINITION 70
relationships between predator and prey within a community
and shows how energy flows through an ecosystem
secondary consumer
an organism that derives its energy and nutrient
requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of
animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging.
(carnivore)
TERM 77
tertiary consumer
DEFINITION 77
an organism that gets energy from a secondary consumer
TERM 78
detritivores
DEFINITION 78
decomposers, detritus feeders, saprophages. heterotrophs
that obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter
TERM 79
How much energy, on average, is transferred
to each higher trophic level?
DEFINITION 79
