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Neurophysiology Exam Questions: Membrane Potentials, Ion Conductance, and Neuron Function, Exams of Physiology
A set of exam questions related to neurophysiology, covering topics such as membrane potentials, ion conductance, and neuron function. The questions include identifying incorrect statements, determining the relationship between ion conductance and action potentials, and identifying the site where a neuron most often integrates information.
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2021/2022
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Bio
W
EXAM 1 - 50 Questions
I have submitted my scantron for
grading:
PRINT NAME:
I certify that I have followed the WSU
STUDENT CODE OF CONTENT, and have
not cheated in any shape or form.
(sign your name)
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Bio3200: Human Physiology Sept, 22, 2022 EXAM 1 [50 Qs]
Section 1: Complete each phrase with one of the two words in square brackets [A. /B.].
- The oldest and most primitive region of the brain is the [A. cerebrum /B. brain stem].
- A major "sensory association" area of the brain resides in the [A. frontal/B. parietal] lobe.
- The [A. dura/B. pia] mater is the meninges layer closest to the skull.
- A graded postsynaptic potential that moves the resting membrane potential farther away from zero [A. depolarizes/B. hyperpolarizes] the neuron.
- The [A. absolute /B. relative] refractory period is a time when certain channels in an axon can not respond to a graded potential no matter how large the depolarization.
- A two-point discrimination test allows for the differentiation between [A. perceptual thresholds /B. receptive fields].
- A portal system is characterized by [A. one/B. two] capillary beds.
- The anterior pituitary is also known as the [A. adenohypophysis /B. neurohypophysis].
- The area of the somatosensory cortex devoted to a specific body part is related to the [A. frequency that part is used/B. density of somatosensory receptors in that part].
- Myelinated axons are found in the [A. grey /B. white] matter.
- An important structure in both learning and memory is the [A. hippocampus/ B. hypothalamus].
- The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as [A. convergence/ B. divergence].
- Of these anterior pituitary hormones, [A. ACTH /B. Prolactin] has a nonendocrine target.
- [A. Tonic/B. Phasic] receptors rapidly adapt as they respond mostly to a change in stimulus.
- Gamma-‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent [A. inhibitory /B. excitatory] neurotransmitter.
Section 2: Multiple Choice. Select single best answer based on physiology.
- Neuronal function is tightly linked to the kind of channel being used. Which of the following is NOT correctly matched? A. action potential ; voltage gated channel B. IPSP ; ligand gated channel C. EPSP ; ligand gated channel D. resting membrane potential ; passive channel E. synaptic vesicle release ; passive channel.
- Which pairing is FALSE? A. Thalamus ; relays and modifies information going to and from the cerebellum B. Medulla oblongata ; contains control centers for blood pressure and breathing C. Midbrain ; relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes D. Cerebellum ; coordinates execution of movement E. Hypothalamus ; contains integrating centers for homeostasis
- Peptide hormones A. are derived from a preprohormone translated on a ribosome attached to the ER. B. are digested into small peptides in the cytosol and then pumped into vesicles. C. are secreted as prohormones that are processed into a mature hormone in the blood D. are secreted into the blood after being attached to cholesterol. E. are derived from amino acids such as tyrosine or tryptophan.
- Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A neuronal reflex, but not an endocrine reflex, requires an afferent pathway. B. Neural and endocrine reflexes both require an integration center. C. A neuronal reflex never regulates an endocrine reflex. D. Some endocrine gland cells sense the stimulus directly. E. A neuronal reflex requires an effector neuron.
- Steroid hormones A. can only travel in the blood as a soluble ligand B. are derivatives of cholesterol that diffuse out of a cell after synthesis. C. are exocytosed from the cell after being processed in the Golgi. D. are synthesized on ribosomes attached to the ER E. must bind to a cell surface receptor to activate nuclear transcription.
- The somatosensory cortex A. alters sensory information into movement B. clusters all sensory information together to create a map of our external surroundings. C. clusters all of the somatosensory information from one region of the body (say finger tip) into one area of the cortex. D. sends axons down into the spinal cord that synapse with motor neurons E. lies immediately in front of the central sulcus
- What does the Goldman-‐Hodgkin-‐Katz equation take into account that the Nernst equation does NOT? A. the permeability of the ions B. the temperature of the system C. the electrical charge of the ions D. the size of the ions E. the solubility of the ions
- During an action potential the direction of ion flow depends on A. concentration and electrical gradients B. the cell's membrane potential (e.g. P values) C. voltage-‐gated Na+ or K+ channels D. the cell's permeability to each ion changing in a 'feedforward' process E. a change in passive channel activity
- Arrange the following terms in correct order once an excitatory neurotransmitter binds to its receptor.
- Ligand gated ion channel opens
- Voltage gated-‐Ca2+ channels open
- Trigger zone reaches threshold
- Saltatory conduction occurs
- A localized depolarization occurs
- Voltage gated K+ channel opens
- exocytosis A. 1, 2, 7, 3, 6, 5, 4 B. 3, 6, 5, 4, 1, 2, 7 C. 1, 5, 3, 6, 4, 2, 7 D. 1, 3, 5, 4, 6, 7, 2 E. 5, 3, 6, 4, 1, 2, 7
- The equilibrium potential of a given ion across a membrane is A. a function of the concentration of that ion on the inside of the cell. B. the potential at which the membrane potential is zero. C. the potential at which there is no net movement of all permeable ions across the membrane. D. the potential difference across a membrane that creates the electrical gradient moving ions into a neuron. E. the potential at which there is no net movement of that ion across the membrane.
- What effect does hyperkalemia, an increase in extracellular plasma K+ concentration, have on the resting membrane potential of neurons? A. Less K+ leaves the cell so membrane potential becomes less negative. B. Membrane becomes hyperpolarized. C. Shifts it closer to threshold so the neuron is more likely to depolarize. D. A and C E. A, B and C
- Of the following hormones, which one is the least likely to be detected in a normal blood sample taken from a person's arm? A. Vasopressin B. TSH C. CRH D. ACTH E. Prolactin
- The diagram below depicts a cell with a negative resting membrane potential. Ion X is distributed such that it is ten times more concentrated inside then outside of the cell. Ion Y has an equal concentration on each side of the membrane. Based on this diagram which statement below is CORRECT?
A. Both electrical and chemical gradients tend to move Y into the cell. B. Both electrical and chemical gradients tend to move X out of the cell. C. For Y, the chemical gradient tends to force Y out of the cell but this is counteracted by the electrical gradient. D. For X, the chemical gradient tends to force X into the cell but this is counteracted by the electrical gradient pushing X out of the cell. E. For X, the chemical gradient tends to force X out of the cell but this is counteracted by the electrical gradient keeping X in the cell.
- Referred pain A. is the perception of pain in the arm for example, even though it originates from an internal organ. B. is thought to occur as neurons from an organ converge on the secondary neurons used to process information from the skin. C. is thought to occur as neurons from an organ converge on the thalamic neurons that are connected to skin receptors. D. A and B E. A and C
- Lateral inhibition A. increases the contrast between neighboring receptive fields B. increases the amplitude of the receptor potential C. increase the frequency of action potentials originating from the primary sensory neuron. D. A and B E. A, B and C
- In each tracing below, the solid line is a typical action potential, the dashed line is a Na+ ion conductance curve, and the dotted line is a K+ ion conductance curve. Which one (A to E) best represents the correct relationship of ion conductance to action potential?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
- The site where an individual neuron most often integrates information is A. the axon terminal B. the trigger zone C. the dendrites D. the chemical synapse E. the cell body
- Based on the following diagram of a spinal cord cross-‐section which statement is FALSE?
A. The ventral root is labeled g. B. The area labeled a is the dorsal horn. C. The cell bodies of sensory neurons lie in area f. D. Area e is one place where axons ascend to the brain. E. The cell bodies of motor neurons lie in area b.
- The following is from your textbook and shows a major reflex loop associated with the hypothalamuss pituitary axis. Based on this flow chart, which of the following is NOT correct?
A. X is a trophic factor released by the hypothalamus B. Y is the hormone oxytocin. C. Y is a hormone released directly into the blood, D. The endocrine cell, E, receives factor X via the portal system. E. All of the above are correct.
- Using the values described for our 'generic neuron' in class, compare the firing pattern between these three neurons (X, Y & Z) based on the following inputs at the trigger zone. [AP = action potential] Neuron X detects 7 EPSPs of 5 mV, and 2 IPSPs at 4 mV. Neuron Y detects 5 EPSPs of 7 mV and 4 IPSPs of 4 mV Neuron Z detects 4 EPSPs of 4 mV and 2 IPSP of 6 mV. A. all three fire with X more than Y, which is more than Z B. X & Y fire APs, with X firing more than Y; but Z will not fire. C. X will fire APs, but neither Y nor Z fire APs D. only Z fires; X and Y do not fire APs E. X fires more than Y or Z which have the same frequency.
- The following is a cartoon of a sensory neuron being touched. At left a stimulus is represented by the black box and the response, action potentials, shown as vertical lines. This sensory neuron is then touched in one of five patterns shown (grey) with a possible firing pattern shown by the vertical lines. Which of these firing patterns is/are CORRECT?
A. A, C, D and E B. A, C and D C. A and C D. B E. E
- Dexamethasone is a drug used to suppress the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland. Two patients with hypersecretion of cortisol are given dexamethasone. Anika's cortisol secretion level falls to normal after the medication, but Bonnie's cortisol secretion remains elevated. Based on this data which statement(s) is/are CORRECT? A. Bonnie has primary hypercortisolism B. Anika has primary hypercortisolism C. Anika and Bonnie both have primary hypercortisolism D. Anika has primary hypocortisolism E. C and D
Answer Key for Test “draft 1 F22”, 9/16/ No. in Q-‐Bank
No. on Test Correct Answer 9 194 1 B 9 9 2 B 9 171 3 A 8 25 4 B 8 64 5 A 10 116 6 B 7 21 7 B 7 19 8 A 10 60 9 B 9 174 10 B 9 121 11 A 8 172 12 A 7 155 13 B 10 9 14 B 8 37 15 A 8 321 16 E 9 198 17 A 9 69 18 D 8 254 19 A 9 211 20 B 8 289 21 B 7 152 22 B 7 52 23 A 6 26 24 C 7 54 25 B 10 88 26 C 8 224 27 A 8 308 28 A 8 303 29 C 8 201 30 E 8 320 31 D 7 144 32 C 8 317 33 A 8 304 34 A 9 200 35 D 10 123 36 E 8 113 37 E 10 41 38 D 10 114 39 A 8 107 40 D 8 54 41 B 9 63 42 D 7 157 43 B 7 97 44 A 8 258 45 B
For Q 43 - accepted B but also E based on semanitics
Bio
W
EXAM 1 - 50 Questions
I have submitted my scantron for
grading:
PRINT NAME:
I certify that I have followed the WSU
STUDENT CODE OF CONTENT, and have
not cheated in any shape or form.
(sign your name)
V
V
Bio3200: Human Physiology Sept, 22, 2022 EXAM 1 [50 Qs]
Section 1: Complete each phrase with one of the two words in square brackets [A. /B.].
- A portal system is characterized by [A. one/B. two] capillary beds.
- An important structure in both learning and memory is the [A. hippocampus/ B. hypothalamus].
- Myelinated axons are found in the [A. grey /B. white] matter.
- A graded postsynaptic potential that moves the resting membrane potential farther away from zero [A. depolarizes/B. hyperpolarizes] the neuron.
- A major "sensory association" area of the brain resides in the [A. frontal/B. parietal] lobe.
- A two-point discrimination test allows for the differentiation between [A. perceptual thresholds /B. receptive fields].
- The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as [A. convergence/ B. divergence].
- The [A. dura/B. pia] mater is the meninges layer closest to the skull.
- Of these anterior pituitary hormones, [A. ACTH /B. Prolactin] has a nonendocrine target.
- The [A. absolute /B. relative] refractory period is a time when certain channels in an axon can not respond to a graded potential no matter how large the depolarization.
- The area of the somatosensory cortex devoted to a specific body part is related to the [A. frequency that part is used/B. density of somatosensory receptors in that part].
- The oldest and most primitive region of the brain is the [A. cerebrum /B. brain stem].
- [A. Tonic/B. Phasic] receptors rapidly adapt as they respond mostly to a change in stimulus.
- The anterior pituitary is also known as the [A. adenohypophysis /B. neurohypophysis].
- Gamma-‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent [A. inhibitory /B. excitatory] neurotransmitter.
Section 2: Multiple Choice. Select single best answer based on physiology.
- What effect does hyperkalemia, an increase in extracellular plasma K+ concentration, have on the resting membrane potential of neurons? A. Less K+ leaves the cell so membrane potential becomes less negative. B. Membrane becomes hyperpolarized. C. Shifts it closer to threshold so the neuron is more likely to depolarize. D. A and C E. A, B and C
- Grade potentials have all of the following properties EXCEPT: A. Have a specific threshold B. Depolarizing C. Hyperpolarizing D. Diminish over time E. Diminish over distance
- The diencephalon is composed of all of the following EXCEPT: A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. pineal gland D. amygdala E. pituitary
- The diagram below is an action potential of a "typical neuron" of the textbook. Based on this diagram which statement below is FALSE?
A. At D, the voltage dependent Na+ channel closes to stop ion conductance. B. At E, voltage dependent K+ channels are open. C. At A, the neuron is at rest and all voltage dependent channels are closed. D. At G, the neuron is at rest and all voltage dependent channels are closed. E. At C, the voltage dependent K+ channel is in the open position.
- Based on the following diagram of a spinal cord cross-‐section which statement is FALSE?
A. The area labeled a is the dorsal horn. B. The cell bodies of motor neurons lie in area b. C. Area e is one place where axons ascend to the brain. D. The cell bodies of sensory neurons lie in area f. E. The ventral root is labeled g.
- Of the following hormones, which one is the least likely to be detected in a normal blood sample taken from a person's arm? A. TSH B. CRH C. ACTH D. Prolactin E. Vasopressin
- You learnt about inhibitory axo-‐axonic connections that alter the activity of a specific pre-‐synaptic terminal. This is shown below as neuron "I" talks to a presynaptic terminal (x) of neuron M. Neuron M controls two targets -‐ Ta and Tb. While M talks to Tb, a third neuron, E, provides an excitatory axo-‐axonic connection, to the presynaptic terminal (y) communicating with Tb. Given this network, which of the statements below is INCORRECT?
A. Both neurons M and E need to fire for E to enhance activity of 'y.' B. If only M fires, activity in both Ta and Tb is observed. C. Activation of either E or I alone will not affect activity in Ta or Tb. D. All three neurons, M, E and I need to fire for E to enhance activity of 'y.' E. If M and I fire, Tb would exhibit activity.
- The site where an individual neuron most often integrates information is A. the cell body B. the dendrites C. the chemical synapse D. the axon terminal E. the trigger zone
- The somatosensory cortex A. lies immediately in front of the central sulcus B. clusters all sensory information together to create a map of our external surroundings. C. clusters all of the somatosensory information from one region of the body (say finger tip) into one area of the cortex. D. alters sensory information into movement E. sends axons down into the spinal cord that synapse with motor neurons
- During an action potential the direction of ion flow depends on A. the cell's membrane potential (e.g. P values) B. concentration and electrical gradients C. voltage-‐gated Na+ or K+ channels D. the cell's permeability to each ion changing in a 'feedforward' process E. a change in passive channel activity
- The diagram below depicts a cell with a negative resting membrane potential. Ion X is distributed such that it is ten times more concentrated inside then outside of the cell. Ion Y has an equal concentration on each side of the membrane. Based on this diagram which statement below is CORRECT?
A. For X, the chemical gradient tends to force X out of the cell but this is counteracted by the electrical gradient keeping X in the cell. B. For Y, the chemical gradient tends to force Y out of the cell but this is counteracted by the electrical gradient. C. Both electrical and chemical gradients tend to move Y into the cell. D. Both electrical and chemical gradients tend to move X out of the cell. E. For X, the chemical gradient tends to force X into the cell but this is counteracted by the electrical gradient pushing X out of the cell.
- Referred pain A. is the perception of pain in the arm for example, even though it originates from an internal organ. B. is thought to occur as neurons from an organ converge on the secondary neurons used to process information from the skin. C. is thought to occur as neurons from an organ converge on the thalamic neurons that are connected to skin receptors. D. A and B E. A and C
- Steroid hormones A. can only travel in the blood as a soluble ligand B. are derivatives of cholesterol that diffuse out of a cell after synthesis. C. are exocytosed from the cell after being processed in the Golgi. D. must bind to a cell surface receptor to activate nuclear transcription. E. are synthesized on ribosomes attached to the ER
- Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-‐gated sodium channels. What effect does this substance have on the function of neurons? A. The resting membrane potential would hyperpolarize. B. The absolute refractory period is shorter than normal. C. Action potentials lack a repolarization phase. D. The neuron is not able to propagate action potentials. E. Neurons depolarize more rapidly.
- What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? A. keep neurohormones levels high within the brain. B. keep glucose levels high within the brain. C. cushion the brain during physical impact. D. protect the brain from harmful substances in the blood. E. keep oxygen levels high within the brain.
- Arrange the following terms in correct order once an excitatory neurotransmitter binds to its receptor.
- Ligand gated ion channel opens
- Voltage gated-‐Ca2+ channels open
- Trigger zone reaches threshold
- Saltatory conduction occurs
- A localized depolarization occurs
- Voltage gated K+ channel opens
- exocytosis A. 1, 3, 5, 4, 6, 7, 2 B. 3, 6, 5, 4, 1, 2, 7 C. 5, 3, 6, 4, 1, 2, 7 D. 1, 2, 7, 3, 6, 5, 4 E. 1, 5, 3, 6, 4, 2, 7
- Peptide hormones A. are secreted into the blood after being attached to cholesterol. B. are derived from a preprohormone translated on a ribosome attached to the ER. C. are digested into small peptides in the cytosol and then pumped into vesicles. D. are secreted as prohormones that are processed into a mature hormone in the blood E. are derived from amino acids such as tyrosine or tryptophan.
- The equilibrium potential of a given ion across a membrane is A. a function of the concentration of that ion on the inside of the cell. B. the potential at which there is no net movement of all permeable ions across the membrane. C. the potential difference across a membrane that creates the electrical gradient moving ions into a neuron. D. the potential at which there is no net movement of that ion across the membrane. E. the potential at which the membrane potential is zero.
- The following is from your textbook and shows a major reflex loop associated with the hypothalamuss pituitary axis. Based on this flow chart, which of the following is NOT correct?
A. Y is the hormone oxytocin. B. X is a trophic factor released by the hypothalamus C. Y is a hormone released directly into the blood, D. The endocrine cell, E, receives factor X via the portal system. E. All of the above are correct.