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Learning and Memory: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Psychology

Lansing Community CollegePsychology

Definitions for various terms related to learning and memory, including classical and operant conditioning, shaping, extinction, schedules of reinforcement, memory types and components, and encoding and retrieval processes.

Typology: Quizzes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 10/17/2013

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TERM 1
learning
DEFINITION 1
is a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential
for behavior that results from experience
TERM 2
Neutral stimulus
DEFINITION 2
is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
TERM 3
Classical conditioning
DEFINITION 3
classical conditioning is learning
TERM 4
What is classical conditioning based on
DEFINITION 4
It is based on association
TERM 5
Classical conditioning is most effective when?
DEFINITION 5
when the neutral/conditioned stimulus is presented just
before the unconditioned stimulus.
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learning

is a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential

for behavior that results from experience

TERM 2

Neutral stimulus

DEFINITION 2

is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

TERM 3

Classical conditioning

DEFINITION 3

classical conditioning is learning

TERM 4

What is classical conditioning based on

DEFINITION 4

It is based on association

TERM 5

Classical conditioning is most effective when?

DEFINITION 5

when the neutral/conditioned stimulus is presented just

before the unconditioned stimulus.

What types of responses can be classical

conditioned

Emotional and physical reflexive responses

TERM 7

Taste Aversion

DEFINITION 7

occurs when a person associates the smell taste, and sight of

particular food with feeling sick.

TERM 8

Taste aversions are different from other

classical conditioned responses because

DEFINITION 8

They can occur with just one pairing of the neutral stimulus

and the unconditioned stimulus and there can be a long

delay between the presentation of the food and the response

of feeling sick.

TERM 9

Classically conditioned response can be

extinguished?

DEFINITION 9

it can be extinguished by presenting the conditioned

stimulus without following it with the presentation of the

unconditioned stimulus.

TERM 10

who introduced the Law of Effect

DEFINITION 10

Thorndike

Punishment

is always done for the purpose of weakening or eliminating a

behavior

TERM 17

Positive Punishment

DEFINITION 17

refers to situations in which an undesired behavior is

followed by the presentation of something disliked.

TERM 18

Negative

reinforcement

DEFINITION 18

refers to a situation in which an undesired behavior is

followed by the removal of something desired.

TERM 19

Shaping

DEFINITION 19

It involves reinforcing small steps toward the desired new

behavior

TERM 20

What is shaping used

for

DEFINITION 20

It is used to train new behavior

How extinction occurs in operant

conditioning

can be extinguished by no longer rewarding or ignoring the

behavior that had been previously reinforced.

TERM 22

Extinction Burst

DEFINITION 22

refers to a strong increase in a behavior that occurs when a

previously rewarded behavior stops being reinforced.

TERM 23

Fixed interval schedules

DEFINITION 23

result in a pattern of responding in which there is initially a

rapid rate of responding followed by a slow rate or rest in

responding.

TERM 24

which schedule of reinforcement leads to

behavior that are most quickly extinguished?

DEFINITION 24

Behavior that have been rewarded using a continuous

reinforcement scheduled

TERM 25

Continuous reinforcement scheduled are

extinguished

DEFINITION 25

very quickly when the behavior stops being rewarded

Three stage model of memory

Sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory

TERM 32

Items that can be held in short term

memory?

DEFINITION 32

7 plus or minus 2 items (5-9) items

TERM 33

Chunking

DEFINITION 33

is a memory technique that involves grouping items together

in a meaningful way.

TERM 34

Chunking helps what?

DEFINITION 34

it helps increase the number of items that can be held in

short term memory

TERM 35

Two types of rehearsal

DEFINITION 35

Maintenance rehearsal and Elaborative rehearsal

Maintenance Rehearsal

involves repeating info over and over again. it is most useful

in holding information in short term memory

TERM 37

Elaborative Rehearsal

DEFINITION 37

Involves associating new information to be remembered with

information that is already stored in long term memory. this

type of rehearsal is most useful in transferring information in

to long term memory

TERM 38

Serial position curve

DEFINITION 38

plots the items in a long list in the order in which they were

presented and indicates which of those items are most likely

to be remembered.

TERM 39

Primacy effect

DEFINITION 39

refers to the better memory for those items at the beginning

of a list. it is believed to occur because those items at the

beginning of the list are rehearsed more and are transferred

into long term memory.

TERM 40

Recency Effect

DEFINITION 40

refers to better memory for those items at the end of the list.

They are more easily recalled because they are still

remaining in short term memory at the time of recall

because they were so recently presented.

Declarative Memory

is memory that is easily verbalized

TERM 47

Two types of Declarative Memory

DEFINITION 47

Semantic and episodic memory

TERM 48

Semantic memory

DEFINITION 48

is a memory for general knowledge or facts

TERM 49

Episodic Memory

DEFINITION 49

is memory for actual events that occurred in one's own life

TERM 50

Procedural memory

DEFINITION 50

is memory for how to do things (memory for skills)

Procedural is often?

implicit; it can occur without conscious awareness

TERM 52

Retrograde amnesia

DEFINITION 52

is loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the time

of an injury

TERM 53

Anterograde amnesia

DEFINITION 53

is the inability to form new memories

TERM 54

Two types of Retrieval

DEFINITION 54

recall and recognition

TERM 55

Recall

DEFINITION 55

involves having to remember something without being given

any hints or clues. Essay questions short answer questions

and fill in the blank questions.

mnemonic device

is a procedure or strategy that is designed to improve one's

memory

TERM 62

Wechsler intelligence scale

DEFINITION 62

added non verbal performance tasks

TERM 63

stanford-binet test

DEFINITION 63

The development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

initiated the modern field of intelligence testing and was one

of the first examples of an adaptive test.

TERM 64

IQ formula

DEFINITION 64

mental age/chronological age x 100

TERM 65

Gardner's theory of intelligence

DEFINITION 65

suggested that there are multiple intelligences.

intelligence tests are poor measures of

creativity why?

intelligence test require the use of convergent thinking.

TERM 67

convergent thinking

DEFINITION 67

involves narrowing down to the one right answer.

TERM 68

creativity

DEFINITION 68

involves divergent thinking

TERM 69

divergent thinking

DEFINITION 69

involves coming up with many possible solutions to a

problem