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Exam 3 Preparation, Introduction to Forensics, BIOL 245
Topics covered: ∙ Forensic Serology, Sexual Assault Evidence ∙ Forensic DNA Analysis ∙ Fingerprints Laboratories covered: ∙ Lab: Blood Typing, Paternity Testing and the Product Rule ∙ Lab: Sexual Assault Crime Scenes ∙ Lab: DNA Profiling ∙ Lab: Fingerprint Characteristics ∙ Lab: Fingerprint Lifting
1. Fingerprint ridges are surface reflections of the (specific skin structural feature). 2. In humans, genes are positioned along fiber-like strands known as 3. In some state courts, for a positive identification, fingerprint points must match, out of a total of (# of minutiae per print). 4. To develop fingerprints on a mirror surface, one should use because 5. Two methods for developing latent fingerprints on absorbent surfaces are and 6. Two methods for developing latent fingerprints on non-absorbent surfaces are and 7. The most definitive way to demonstrate that a sexual assault has taken place is to identify the presence of 8. Three organs that contribute to the composition of seminal fluid are , , and. 9. A colorimetric test for the enzyme produced by the can be used as a presumptive test for seminal fluid. 10. The Florence Test is a microcrystalline test for , which provides presumptive evidence of
11. In addition to blood, two body fluids that can be used for blood typing are and. 12. A fingerprint left in a pool of fresh blood would be known as a print. 13. The distinguishing characteristics of a central pocket loop are 14. The most common fingerprint patterns are of the type. 15. The fingerprint pattern known as does not have a delta. 16. The ninhydrin reagent is used for. Draw the structure of the ninhydrin molecule: 17. An ulnar loop on the right middle finger can be identified by 18. The secretions of glands can be detected by the ninhydrin reagent. 19. At a crime scene an example of a visible print might be 20. A secretor is an individual who 21. In our forensic DNA fingerprinting lab, DNA fragments were separated in (type of gel), such that, after electrophoresis the fragments that remained closer to the well were known to be compared to the fragments that migrated farther from the well. 22. If a fresh blood sample is found to clump/agglutinate both washed, purified Type A and Type B cells, the fresh blood sample is Type 23. In gel electrophoresis, the driving force for the separation of mixtures of molecules is 24. The possible genotypes of the offspring resulting from a mating of a Type AB father and a Type AB mother are
39. Define: Allele, give an example and explain. 40. The use of polymorphic forensic markers is important because 41. Genes make up % of the total human genome. 42. In a gel electropherogram of DNA heterozygosity at a forensic locus is indicated by (refer to diagram at right). 43. One method of DNA extraction and purification from crime scene samples involves the use of the chemicals 44. The amount of DNA needed for an STR analysis is (give units) 45. A mL of saliva has more / less DNA than a 1 cm^2 bloodstain. 46. Define: PCR Primer: 47. Define: CODIS 48. Define: STR Multiplexing 49. Define: Allelic Ladder 50. In the analysis of the blood collected at the murder scene of Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman, the following blood factors were identified: Blood Factor Frequency in the African American Population A 26% EsD 1 85% PGM 2+2- 2% What is the expected frequency of this combination of blood factors among the African American population? Show your calculations.
51. A fresh blood sample of blood type O would agglutinate purified blood cells of type because 52. The proper storage of suspected seminal stains from a sexual assault crime scene is 53. Blood stained evidence from a crime scene should be kept out of direct sunlight because (be specific) 54. Forensic DNA markers must be inherited independently of each other because 55. In forensic analysis, multiplexing means 56. In forensic STR DNA analysis, the forensic alleles are separated according to . 57. Four specific CODIS loci are , , and. 58. Two requirements for the function of the enzyme, DNA polymerase, are and 59. A man of blood type B is being sued for child support by a woman of blood type O. The child is blood type O. The man denies paternity, however, a DNA profile shows that he is the father. Provide the genotypes of each parent and the child. Father Mother Child 60. The repeat size for forensic STR markers is (give units). 61. A fresh blood sample of blood type A would agglutinate purified blood cells of type because 62. The distinguishing characteristics of a fingerprint radial loop are
c. You are the Crime Scene Technician called to the scene of a burglary, where computers and other office equipment have been removed by the burglar(s). An unknown number of burglars jimmied the lock on the office door from the common building hallway. Describe your plan for gathering evidence at the crime scene. What materials will you use? Why? Describe the mode of action of the reagents you would use. How might you determine the number of burglars? Suppose that you have lifted some fingerprints at the scene. Use diagrams to illustrate how you will classify each fingerprint. After an AFIS search, one of the fingerprints that you lifted comes back as a possible match. Illustrate how you would make a point-by-point comparison to positively identify the burglar. d. Describe forensic DNA Profiling with STRs. What are STRs? What is an STR profile? What criteria must forensic markers meet in order to be used in forensic profiling? What procedures are used to analyze a suspect’s DNA for the determination of an STR profile? What is the CODIS database? How is it used? e. In some detail, describe the molecular changes that occur during the various steps of the polymerase chain reaction. Provide the reagents needed for each step, and the temperatures used in each step. Accompany your description with a series of labeled diagrams that illustrate the mechanism of the polymerase chain reaction.
