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Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. TERM 2
Catabolism
DEFINITION 2 Catabolism (Greek kata = downward + ballein = to throw) is the set of pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy. TERM 3
Anabolism
DEFINITION 3 Anabolism (Greek "mound" from ana = upward + ballein = "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. They require energy. TERM 4
Exergonic
DEFINITION 4 Exergonic means to release energy in the form of work. TERM 5
Endergonic
DEFINITION 5 Endergonic means absorbing energy in the form of work.
Enzymes
Enzymes are mainly proteins, that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation. They are examples of catalysts. They promote reactions by providing a site for the substrate (reactants) to position. They are shape sensitive. (Denaturation) TERM 7
Catalyst
DEFINITION 7 Chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed by the reaction. TERM 8
Simple enzyme
DEFINITION 8 Consist of protein alone. TERM 9
Conjugated enzyme or holoenzyme
DEFINITION 9 Contain protein and nonprotein molecules. TERM 10
Apoenzyme
DEFINITION 10 Protein portion of enzyme. Protein folding results in 3D features that allow substrate binding. Have an active/catalytic site for substrate binding-specific. Induced fit.
Phosphotransferases
Transfer phosphate groups, involved in energy transfer. TERM 17
Exoenzyme
DEFINITION 17 Transported extracellularly, where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals. Cellulase, amylase, penicillinase. TERM 18
Endoenzyme
DEFINITION 18 Retained intracellularly and function there. TERM 19
Constitutive Enzyme
DEFINITION 19 Always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of the amount of substrates. Enzymes involved in glucose metabolism. TERM 20
Regulated Enzyme
DEFINITION 20 Not constantly present; production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentrations of the subsrtate.
Metabolic Pathway
A sequence of metabolic reactions that proceed in a systematic, highly regulated manner. TERM 22
Competitive Inhibition
DEFINITION 22 Substance that resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site. TERM 23
Noncompetitive Inhibition
DEFINITION 23 Enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than that of the substrate on the active site. TERM 24
Feedback Inhibition
DEFINITION 24 Concentration of product at the end of a pathway blocks the action of a key enzyme. TERM 25
Feedback Repression
DEFINITION 25 Inhibits at the geneticlevel by controlling synthesis of key enzymes.
Photophosphorylation
ATP is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight. TERM 32
Bioenergetics
DEFINITION 32 Study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release and use (catabolism and anabolism) TERM 33
Carbohydrate Catabolism
DEFINITION 33 Consists of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.
