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Definitions for various terms and concepts in the fields of social psychology and psychodynamic theory. Topics include prosocial behavior, aggression, persuasion, obedience, conformity, and defense mechanisms, among others. It also covers key figures in the history of these fields.
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placing one's own goals above those of the group TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 placing group goals above individual goals TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 the process of forming an opinion about another person TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 the process of assigning causes to events and behaviors TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 set of beliefs about members of a particular group
the process of assuming that a person possesses all the characteristics of a category or stereotype TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 phenomenon whereby our expectations elicit behaviors in others that confirm those expectations TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 an individual's decision to share personal information TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 the tendency to attribute behaviors to internal causes may be committed more frequently by perceivers than by actors when we attribute things its based on individual drives, not context or environment TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 the tendency to make internal attributions when we are successful and external attributions when we fail
form of interpersonal attraction that is governed by an implicit set of rules TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 transitory form of love that involves strong emotional reactions, sexual desires, and fantasies TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 long-lasting form of love that involves commitment TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 theory of interpersonal relationships that stresses the costs and rewards involved TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 general outcome expected from a particular relationship
behavior that benefits society or helps others TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 helping behavior performed voluntarily with no anticipation of reward TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 the tendency for a group of bystanders to be less likely than an individual to provide assistance to a person in trouble TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 physical or psychological behavior that is performed with the intent of doing harm TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 aggressive behavior that is performed with the specific intent of harming another person
initiating or changing a behavior in response to a direct command of an authority TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 initiating or changing a behavior in response to indirect social pressures TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 the finding that groups make riskier decisions than individuals TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 phenomenon in which group decision making enhances or amplifies the original opinions of the group's members TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 initiating or changing a behavior in response to a request
phenomenon in which a person who has agreed to a small request is more likely to comply with a subsequent larger request TERM 37
DEFINITION 37 people are first presented with an extremely large request, which they likely will refuse, and then they are presented with a more reasonable request that they are more likely to accept TERM 38
DEFINITION 38 tactic for increasing compliance that involves doing something for others to create a feeling of obligation on their part TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 study of the causes, types, and consequences of human interaction the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals as shaped by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 belief that one's own country or culture is superior to all other countries and cultures
the tendency to make decisions intended primarily to promote the harmony of the group TERM 47
DEFINITION 47 judging a person on the basis of stereotypes about the group to which the person belongs TERM 48
DEFINITION 48 behaviors that adversely affect members of a particular group TERM 49
DEFINITION 49 a relatively stable pattern of behaving, feeling, and thinking that distinguishes one person from another TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 psychological test in which individuals answer questions about themselves, usually by responding yes or no or true or false
psychological test that involves that use of unstructured or ambiguous stimuli in an effort to assess personality TERM 52
DEFINITION 52 the tendency to accept generalized personality descriptions as accurate descriptions of oneself TERM 53
DEFINITION 53 a summary term that describes the tendency to behave, feel, and think in ways that are consistent across different situations TERM 54
DEFINITION 54 they psychodynamic assumption that all behaviors result from early childhood experiences, especially conflicts related to sexual instincts TERM 55
DEFINITION 55 part of the personality that lies outside of awareness yet is believed to be a crucial determinant of behavior
cessation of further development, resulting in behaviors that are characteristic of the stage of development in which the fixation occurred TERM 62
DEFINITION 62 second stage of psychosexual development, during which the focus of pleasure is the anus and conflict often occurs as efforts are made to toilet-train the child 1-3 years bowel movements anal retentive- uptight; very organized anal expulsive- not organized; messy, chaotic TERM 63
DEFINITION 63 the third stage of psychosexual development, in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure-seeking behavior 3-4 years libido focused on genitals oedipal complex in boys electra complex in girls TERM 64
DEFINITION 64 process that occurs during the phallic stage in which a boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and fears retaliation by his father TERM 65
DEFINITION 65 process that occurs during the phallic stage in which a girl wishes to possess her father sexually
stage of psychosexual development that extends from about age 6 until the onset of puberty and is characterized by a low level of sexual interest 5 to puberty libido is suppressed focused on friendship; not active; gender role based on friendship TERM 67
DEFINITION 67 stage of psychosexual development that begins at puberty and usually leads to normal adult sexual development strong sexual interest in others TERM 68
DEFINITION 68 theory that learning occurs through watching imitating the behaviors of others TERM 69
DEFINITION 69 whether the person sees his or her behavior as controlled by external factors (external locus) or internal (internal locus) TERM 70
DEFINITION 70 contention that person variables, situation variables, and behavior constantly interact
nurses instructed over phone to inject unknown drug not supposed to accept direction from anyone but doctor dose of drug was twice the recommended dose 21 out of 22 were going to administer the drug Rank and Jacobsen conducted similar experiment and results were lower but still existent TERM 77
DEFINITION 77 they provide us with information on general expectations for behaviors. Norms are not necessarily laws social norms in the U.S. are unclear about how much we should help or how much others want to be helped diffusion of responsibility- the bigger the crowd the less likely you are to get help TERM 78
DEFINITION 78 a set of norms that define how people in a given social position should behave may enforce us to act in ways contrary to our "character" TERM 79
DEFINITION 79 we don't support violence more than others we are more likely to endorse violence as a means of self- protection, as an appropriate response to insult, and as a socialization tool for training children TERM 80
DEFINITION 80 frustration/strong emotion- if we're frustrated we're more likely to become aggressive alcohol usage- inhibitions are reduced; most crime is influenced by alcohol Pain Crowding- we get anxious temperature- 92 degrees or higher=higher crime rate; if aggression parallels crime pornography- violent pornography leads to violence against women
record of achievement leadership skill at his job earning potential sense of humor intellectual ability attentiveness common sense athletic ability good abstract reasoning TERM 82
DEFINITION 82 physical attractiveness ability in bed warmth and affection social skill homemaking ability dress sense sensitivity to other's needs good taste moral perception artistic creativity TERM 83
DEFINITION 83 balance theory- the more things you share the more likely you are to like them; negatives have a larger affect reward theory- we like the things that reward us physical attractiveness- matching phenomenon(looking for people who are similar in level of attractiveness) proximity/propinquity/mere exposure effect- we're more likely to be friends with people we meet; paths have to be intersecting mere exposure effect- more about things; we like what we are familiar with sociobiology TERM 84
DEFINITION 84 love has different meanings to different people TERM 85
DEFINITION 85 passionate love
agape and eros TERM 92
DEFINITION 92 eros and storge TERM 93
DEFINITION 93 exit- ending or actively abusing the relationship voice- actively attempting to improve conditions loyalty- passively waiting for things to improve neglect- passively allowing the relationship to deteriorate TERM 94
DEFINITION 94 all of the consistent ways in which behavior of one person differs from that of others TERM 95
DEFINITION 95 earliest model of personality psychology believed personality was determined by the proportion of the 4 humors in the human body yellow bile: hot tempered black bile: depressed phlegm: sluggish and apathetic blood: courageous, hopeful, and amorous biological model
relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces within the unconscious of the individual id, superego, ego TERM 97
DEFINITION 97 not purely sexual; more concerned with zones of pleasure libido flows through different parts of the body as we develop if normal development is blocked or frustrated we become fixed (preoccupied with the pleasure area) TERM 98
DEFINITION 98 are used by normal people to protect themselves from anxiety repression- motivated forgetting of unpleasant events denial- refusal to believe accuracy of information rationalization- attempt to prove that actions are rational and justifiable displacement- take out frustration on a safer target regression- to move backwards in maturity projection- the attribution of one's own desirable characteristics to other people reaction formulation- the strong presentation of a certain belief or role in order to mask strong doubts sublimation- the transformation of an unacceptable impulse into an admirable behavior TERM 99
DEFINITION 99 past colleague of Freud focused on humanity's search for spiritual meaning collective unconscious- cumulative experience of preceding generations archetypes- the vague symbolic images that we will inherit as part of the collective unconscious TERM 100
DEFINITION 100 physiological safety love/belonging esteem self-actualization
