General Zoology BIOL 1110 Fall 2011
A Study Guide for the Fourth Exam
Tuesday, 13 December (1-3 p.m.)
Below, I've listed the important topics related to new material that you should be studying for the fourth exam. Be
sure to check over the tables as well! Hemichordates and invertebrate chordates are in this file; vertebrates are in the
separate Excel file. Remember that 6-9 questions will be taken from the starred questions from exams 1-3; these may be
modified slightly but will be very similar to the original question. This exam will, as usual, have 50 objective-type
questions (multiple choice, true/false) and be worth 100 points.
1. Phyla Hemichordata & Chordata I (Urochordata & Cephalochordata)
—Know the general characteristics, internal & external, of the hemichordates
—Know that the stomochord, pharyngeal slits, and dorsal nerve cord link them to the chordates
—Know that hemichordates are closely related to echinoderms (larvae similar)
—Know the 4 major chordate traits: pharyngeal gill slits; post-anal tail; dorsal hollow nerve cord; notochord
—Know what the endostyle/thyroid gland is (and that it’s the fifth “major” chordate trait)
—Know the general characteristics of the urochordates and the cephalochordates
—Know that chordate traits only appear in juvenile urochordates, but in adult cephalochordates
2. Phylum Chordata II (Fishes)
—Know what groups form the Craniata and what are the distinguishing traits of craniates
—Know the distinguishing traits of the hagfishes
—Know what differentiates vertebrates from the other chordates
—Know which Classes make up the vertebrates
—Know the distinguishing characteristics of the lampreys, the cartilaginous fishes, the lobe-finned fishes, and the
ray-finned fishes
—Know how scales differ between cartilaginous and bony fishes
—Know the general differences between sharks, skates/rays, and ratfishes/chimaeras
—Know the general characteristics of the fishes: circulation, respiration, osmoregulation, reproduction, external
anatomy, nervous system and senses
—Know what is meant by counter-current exchange
3. Phylum Chordata III (Amphibians)
—Know what advances amphibians made to move onto land
—Know the basic characteristics of amphibians: circulation, respiration, osmoregulation, reproduction, external
anatomy, nervous system and senses
—Know the unique characteristics of the three orders: caecilians, salamanders, frogs/toads
—Know the difference between ectotherm and endotherm
—Know the potential causes of amphibian declines
4. Phylum Chordata IV (Amniotes)
—Know that Amniota (reptiles, birds and mammals) are all closely related
—Know that grouping could/should be: anapsids; diapsids; synapsids
—Know general characteristics of reptiles, birds and mammals: circulation, respiration, osmoregulation,
reproduction, external anatomy, nervous system and senses
—Know how each group differs from the others
—Know the basic parts of the amniotic egg
—Know the general characteristics of the 4 groups of reptiles (turtles, tuataras, crocodilians, squamates)
—Know what temperature-dependent sex determination is and what groups have it
—Know what group of “reptiles” is most closely related to birds
—Know the difference between precocial and altricial development in birds
—Know the differences between monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals
