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HPTER a Capsule Sapier, we cover all s Indicates flow of instructions and data >> Indicates the control exercised by the control unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) 3. Processing Performing arithmetic operations add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc. or logical operations (comparisions like equal to, less than, greater than, etc.) on data, to convert them into useful information, y entals 5 — ame Standard very closely related to hardware, and not likely to on Oort E need frequent upgrading, 8 8 bits 3. Programmable Read Only Memory A Hot | 1024 bas Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) is a coi oe 1000 bits form of digital memory where the setting of each bit “jibe (binary) KiB 1024 bytes is locked by a fuse or antifuse. Blowing 2 fuse opens gdlobyte (decimal) kB | 1000 bytes a connection while blowing an antifuse closes a megabit Mbit 1000 kilobits connection (hence the name). mrepibyte (binary) MiB 1024 kibibytes 4. Erasable Programmable ROM An Erasable magabyis (Seomel) | MB 1000 kilobytes Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) is a nab | Gbit 1000 megabits type of computer memory chip that retains its data : giiioyte (onary) | GB | 1024 mebibytes when its power supply is switched off. Once | geenye (decimal) == GB 1000 megabytes programmed, an EPROM can be erased only by ierabit | Toit 1000 gigabits exposing it to strong ultraviolet light. tehbyie (binary) TB | 1024 gibibytes 5. Electrically Erasable Programmable jeabyte (decimal) | TB 1000 gigabytes ROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read pata | Poit | 1000terabits Only Memory (EEPROM) is the user modifiable PIB | 1024 tebibytes read only memory which can be erased and PB | 1000 terabytes reprogrammed (written to) repeatedly through the | 1000 petabits application of higher then normal electrical voltage- EIB | 1024 pebibytes A special form of EEPROM is the flash memory. 1 1000 petabytes 6. Dynamic RAM Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is a type of random access memory which stores each bit of data in 2 capacitor. The number of electrons in the capacitor determine whether, the bit is considered lor 0. As the capacitor leaks electrons, the information gets lost eventually, unless the charge is 7. Synchronous DRAM Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is a generic name for various kinds of are synchronised with the clock speed that the is optimised. This tends to increase "1. Tape Drive A tape drive, also known asa _ ‘Streamer is a storage device that reads and It eae 3. Hard Disk A hard disk is a non-volatile data storage device that stores data on a magnetic surface layered onto disk platters. This is the most important, most common and most widely used medium of data storage. 4. CD-ROM The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read Only Memory) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format, These are audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. A CD-ROM is a flat, metallized plastic disc with digital information encoded on it in a spiral, from the centre to the outside edge. A standard CD-ROM can hold about 700 megabytes of data or about 80 minutes of audio. 5. DVD It is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high quality video and sound. DVDs resemble compact discs; their physical dimensions are the same 12cm or the mini 8 cm but they are encoded im a different format and at a much higher density. DVDs are made from a 0.6 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic coated with a much thinner (reflective) aluminium layer. Two such discs are glued together to form a 1.2 mm double-sided disc. A single-layer DVD can store 4.7 GB, which is around seven times as much a standard CD-ROM. Input Devices Some input devices used in computer system are given below Audio Input Devices * Microphone An acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals. Text Input Devices © depressing buttons (referred to as keys or buttons). * Trackball A pointing device * Touchscreen Senses the uses press © Light Pen It is a pen shaped device used tg on * Bar Code Reader A bar code is a Gaming Devices Some gaming devices are given below Image, Video Input Devices This type of input devices are given below _»* Keyboard A device to input text and characters by Computer Away, hee cons: exposed protruding ball housed in ne detects rotation about two axis. direct the display. objects on a display screen. different thicknesses that represe code readers are used to input data fr Most products in shops have bar co Bar code readers work by shining a beam the lines that make up the bar code and d amount of light that is reflected back. * Joystick A control device that consists handheld stick that pivots around one end angles in two or three dimensions and rep angle or direction to the device it is controll * Game Pad A hand held game controller tha ‘on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide = * Game Controller A specific type of co specialised for certain gaming purposes. 1, Image Scanner A device that provides inp=* by analysing images. printed text, handwriting, « = object. 2. Web Cam A video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred ove! oe internet. Software Sequence of instructions, written in a language, which can be understood by a computer, is called a computer programme, The term software refers to the set of computer programmes, procedures, and associated documents which describe the programmes, and how they are to be used. Types of Software Sofhnare are divided inte two types \, System Software [t is a set of one or more programmes, designed to control the operation and extend the processing capability of a computer system. 2 performs one or more of the following functions * Supports the development of other application software. . gore the execution of other application * Monitores the effective use of various hardware resources, such as CPU, memory peripherals ele. « Communicate with and controls the operation of peripheral devices such as printer disk, tape etc. The most commonly known types of system software are + Operating System Every computer has an system software, which takes care of nage ‘effective and efficient utilisation of all the x! 2. Application Software Ii is a set of one oy an programmes, Genie to solve a specific problem do a specific tas payroll processing produces pay slips as the maj, output. The most commonly known application software are ~ anything Computer Awareney users in system maintenance tasks , ; and performing tasks of routine nature. ty ég, an application software | (or * Word Processing Software A yoy, processing software enables us to make use of, computer system for creating editing, viewing formatting, storing, retrieving and printing documents. 7 * Spreadsheet Software A spreadshee software is a numerical data analysis tool, which allows us to create a kind of computerised ledger. A manual ledger is a book having rows and columns, which accountants use for keeping a record of financial transactions, and for preparing financial statements. * Database Software A database is a collectoad related data stored and treated as unit fo * A data base software is a set of one or mor programmes, which enable us to create 4 database, maintain it (add, delete and update ® and organise its data in desired fashior. * Graphics Software A graphic softwat enables us to use a computers gon © _ creating editing, viewing, storing, retneving printing designs, drawing pi graph and . else that can i drawn in oe in meaning sand. Historical Overview of Computer | Invention = | Abacus Napier's Bones Blaise Pascal | Fist ba Sotihied Yon {ethnic Calculator (Modified Pascal's machine) Joseph Jacquard Card of holes for weaving pattems Charles Babbage = “ Herman Hollerith, Lady Ada Lovelace Howard Aitken and Grace Hopper (IBM) Dr John Vircent Atanasoft JP Eckert JW Mauchly H Goldshine, AW Burks John Von Neumann John Von Neumann Moor School in USA Eckert $ JW Mauchly Bell Laboratory of America IBM Company John Backus, IBM Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce Grace Hopper John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz America — ABC (Atanasofi-Bery Computer) ENIAC (Electrical Numerical integrator and Calculator) Stored Programme Concept EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computes) UNIVAC- (Universal Automatic Computer) Transistor 1BM-650 computer Fortran Integrated Circuit COBOL BASIC ARPANET VW ndamentals -gouahy|eqU! yeroyiye PUB uoqiu60991 ebew! pue se}OeseYyo yoseds Buissedoid ‘aBenBue] jeinyeu jueweBeuew UO!eEUUO}U| “weyshs, paqauo so1yders) jONUCD AUN [POY wvo/avo peres6equ| “suia}SAS PA]NqusIp “gyayNdwwoo [BUOSI8d4 suuajsAs aulUO ‘SLue}SAS quewabeuew aseg eyeq “yoseasas OyHUBIOS ‘uoneziuiydo ubisep Buueeulbug ‘suoneadde ssauisng aAlsuap~Kg swashs ssauisng ajdwis 4942{ ‘OynUaIoS AYSOW $L-|0909 Vay ‘jeosed 42 uesHO4 “wajsAs Burjesedo Buyeys AUN id 89 19GOD ‘AI UBSHOS swwa}ss Bunesedo yoyeg ‘joBly ‘}oqoD uemo4 sefen6bue jae] y6!H sJoyJUOW 8|dwuIs, -sabenBbur Ajquiesse pue sulyoey\, uonesyddy aSensuey “syiomjau| — SPUODES | Buueys awl} OueU OOe Buueys spuoces: lun ‘eu jesy} URL OOL Buueys: eu} ‘Bulurewel spuoces BHeg-inw| 01 OL spuooss yojeg Ajurew | Oddi EEE waysks SunesadQ| paeds xeqnduro jo Computer Awa, eh, 2 1 sodas UooNs OVG-9 ‘e1UI “preyoed VOM “"SUBUAIS ‘YWUOZ SJOPUGA UONE}S ‘soiydes ‘gad ‘Wal ‘oq ‘bedwod yuom se eweg}] 410M pur Od SB SWS uoos ‘Wal ‘ABO 93d ‘wal| sweishs oJo1W UNS ajddy ‘Wal| ‘bedwoo ‘Wal i 2 a mama mums Td agg 3=)Y oN] ee PIpewnjnw pue UoHE|NUIS JO SyINSeL ay Buisijensia | synpe Pue Uesp}!4O quatuUdJAUe pue swajqoid Jo JUAWUFeHe]Ue | Buyndwioo 6uyseulGue pue pue uoleZon} JOAI@S-{UAI oyjualos xe|duu09 pue sewoy B Ul SOOO! 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What kind of a dot pitch (dp) monitor is better to have? Medium {0) Higher rs) Lower {d) None of these 26. What is the name of the computer terminal which gives paper printout? Display screen (b) Soft copy terminal Hardcopy terminal {a} Plotter ‘27. What is cache memory? {@) Extra memory used for overflow from your hard disk (©) A place to store secret information like passwords tt issame as your hard disk drive memory used for data that is accessed often 28, What is PCI? {@) Akind of printer Atype of microprocessor Atype of system bus An input/output device 29. What does CPU stand for? @ Processing Unit Central Processing Unit Central ming Unit (@ Computer Prog Unit 30. What does ROM stand for? Computer heel $2. ALU is (a) Array Logie Unit (c) Application Logic Unit 33. FORTRAN is ‘a) File Translation (Ofornue Translation 34, The most important advantage of a video disk ig (a) compactness (b)potential capacity (d) cost effectiveness fof Arithmetic Logic () None of these (b) Format Translation (d) Floppy Translation (c) durability 35. A Compact Disk (CD) is ee of the type (a))magnetic \ optical ) electrical (d) electro-mechanical 36. The IC chip, used in computers, is made of omium (b) iron oxide silica (UP F5ilicon 37. What digits are representive of all binary numbers! (a) 0 (b) 1 Oand1 (d) 3 88. The act of retrieving existing data from memory is called ' (a) Read-out Read from 1 (c) Read All of these 89. A computer programme that converts an entir program into machine language is called a/an Qeorcue (0) simulator L z (d) commander ‘ and secondary (b) random and sequent? ion + ae (@) Allof these Number System (HAPTER Capsule ibis chapter, we cover ‘04s types of number §8@m such as digital, ay, octal, hexadecimal their conversion. This Seater is very important ‘the point of view of “anes exam, A number system is basically as external representation of data into internal data and vice-versa. Number system basically means the presentation of number with limited number of symbols. Various types of number system are described below Decimal System Basically the decimal system uses the ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. So, its base is 10. 6.8. (1235)19 The base of this number is 10. So, it will be known as the decimal number. Any number which has the base as 10 that number will be called as decimal number. The base of the number system is defined as the number of distinct symbols used to represent numbers in the system. 6.8 (2455)19 It has the base or radix as 10. So, we can say that this is a decimal number system. Binary System If a number system has only two symbols then its base is 2. So, such a system is called as binary number system. These are represented by only two numbers, i.¢. O and 1. oe" 08 (110011). This is known as binary number system. 110011 The right most bit is called as Least Si cant Bi nee Moat Significant Bit (ISB]—e SE) and the left most bit is Fraction Integer 0.03125x8= 0.250 0.250 0 0250x8=200 0.00 ey 0.09425) 1 = (0.02), ; (423,03125) 19 = (647.02), 5 to Hexadecimal (Integer Part) As w & know that hexadecimal has base or radix of ye Si avert decimal to hexadecimal, we will divide or remainder method by dividing it an ps. Convert (8234) 9 to hexadecimal form, a a Because hexadecimal has the base of 16, so divide the jumber by 16. 16 [8234 103A 16 514 2 16 [32.0 2 (202 A)ig Here. the numbers are 2, 0, 2, 10, so as we know in ___ hexadecimal, it ranges from 0 to 15 and after 9 onwards it Sats from A to F. So, according to this B24) 19 = (202A) 16, scimal to Hexadecimal (Fraction Part) To the decimal (fractional _ part) nal form we just use the multiplication which multiply the fractional part by 16 e base ora. of hexadecimal is 16). Presents. }.225)49 into hexadecimal form. nal part into hexadecimal form by ‘or remainder method. Ex 7. Convert (1101), into decimal form. Sol. Now, multiply each binary digit with its respective position and then add all results. ne aie OL ae! a ee ee 1x29 =8 -» Position 1x2? =4 ox2'=0 1x29 =1 13 So, (1101)2 = (13)10 9. Binary to Decimal (Fraction Part) Binary fraction are converted to the decimal numbers system by multiply each digit by their respective position Ge., negative powers the base 2) and then adding all of them. Ex 8. Convert (0.1101), into decimal form. Sol. Fraction part = 041011 sian t+ 1x27? + 0x29 41 x27 et xe aLecenty : rei 16° 32 : = (0.84375) 19 (0.11011) = (0.84375) 9 Ex 9, Convert (1011.10001), to decimal form. Sol. First take the integer part. 0 Integer part = 1011=1%29 4 0x22 44214 4x20 sta aE 8 820424 Halens Fraction part'= 0.10001 fens, whe Frome s 0x24 + 1x2 18 Ex 10. Convert (110100101), to octal form. Sol. 479, 205 194 + ‘ Y 6 4 & (Here 110 is the binary representation of 6, 100 is of 4 and 101 is of §) Hence, (110100101) = (645)g 4. Binary to Octal (Fraction Part) To change the binary fraction into octal system we first convert fraction part of binary into decimal form and then after that convert the decimal form into octal form. We can convert binary to octal by grouping into three digits to produce a single octal number proceeding from left to right. Ex 11. Convert (110111001.100001), into octal form. Sol. 119 i141, 01.109 01, y ¥ y + Y 6 7 1 4 1 Hence, (110 111001.100001) = (671-41), 5. Binary to Hexadecimal (Integer Part) To convert binary number into hexadecimal numbers, it should be first converted into groups of four bits and then these groups can be converted directly into their hexadecimal numbers. Ex 12. Convert (1110100010111100), into hexadecimal. Sol. Divide it into groups of 4 bits. 411140 1000 1011 1100 ‘To solve this, we use the following method . 8421 ‘These are four numbers and b ‘which 1 occurs we wri ‘that number and below which 0 occurs we write 0. whe Computer Aware, Ex 18. Convert (1101110011011101.10110011), ino iy hexadecimal number system. Sol, _ First, take an integer part and convert It into heradeoin, number system. a Peet ig Ae 1 |e 42 1 8 42,9 ome AOMOm ISTO iy g fg 84+ 44+0+1/6+4+0+0 8444041) 844494, ie “te 13 3 + + + 1 D fo D D (DCDD) 16 Now, take the fraction part (0.10110011). B45 2a cueaaer 2 1 ene Lao 4 8+042+1 0+ 0+2+1 1 13 L B 3 (B3)16 So, (110111001101,10110011) = (OCDD.B3) 15 Octal to Other Number System 1, Octal to Decimal (Integer Part) To convert the octal number to its decimal equivalent, each digit is multiplied with it respective position and then added to get the result. Ex 14. Convert (349), to decimal form. Sol. (849)g = 3x 8° + 4x814. 9x90 =3x644+4x8+9x14 =192 + 32+ 9-233 $0, (349)p = 283).q peattmnal (Fraction Part) 'T> convert the. decimal equivalent, each digit its respective position (-¢ base 8) and then added of 20 Complement of Number There are two types of complements of any number in any number system of any base. In particular 9’s and 10’s complement for decimal numbers. 1’s and 2’s for binary numbers. 9’s and 10's Complement of Decimal Numbers In 9’s complement just subtract individual digit from a, In 10’s complement 1 added to least significant digit of 9’s complement. Ex 20. Find9’s and 10's complement of decimal number 1265.45 Sol. 9's complement = 8734.54 (subtracting each digit from 9) 10's complement = 8734.54 +.01 ve 8734.55 [1 added to least significant digit of 9's complement] 2's and 1's Complement of Binary Numbers InI'scomplement, just exchange 1 with 0 and 0 with 1 in binary number. In 2's complement, 1 added to the least significant digit of Y's complement of that binary number. Ex 21. Find 1s and 2's complement of the binary number (10101001- 1001), Z Sol. —_’s complement = 01010110-0110 2's complement = 01010110-0110 0001 01010110-0111 (ad Computer AWarenes Ex 22. Adding(110101)2 and(101111)2 110101 53 + 101114 47 7700100 100 4100100 is equivalent to 100 in decimal system, Sol. Decimal Subtraction Rules 0-0-0, 1-0-1 1-1=0 0 —-1=1 with one boyy, Ex 23. Subtract(101111)2 from(110101), Sol. Binary Decimal 110101 53 -101111 47 o00T10 6 (110). is equivalent to 6 in decimal system Multiplication Rules 0x0 =0, 0x1=0 1x1=1, 1x0=0 Ex 24, Multiply(10110), with (1101) Sol. 10110 ’ 1101 T0110 00000 x 10110 x x 10110 x x x OOOO as for binary numbers can be carried 0 y the same rules as there as decimal syste” 100011), by (101), form of (15)g is VAT 13 14 ee tion (5BC)g =(x)g =(y)g, value of x and ; x= 011010111100, y = 3274 z01t101101011, y= 9268 «=O 4011100110, y =3274 GE QI0110111100, y = 2674 equation (131) =(*)g, value of X is qj 11001101 10000011 _ (@ 19000010 (d) 10000001 4 The equation, (A01}¢ = (xh, the value of x is 4904 (b) 1585 7 (d) 1495 4 Inequation (B26),g = (x)o, value of vi s “27s = (b) 3854 = (c) (1254 Fn ol (2A8)¢ =(xho = (yg, value of x and y Sa16Ui1 (b) 46287.17 (d) 52861.17 4 ye4-\% nt of 3168.23 are we 63 \ %\ 6 = ' = (xy = (yg value of x and y m7 19. The hexadecimal 21. The octal equivalent of (12.25}9 is LET us Practice 12. In dark circle ‘” denotes that LED is on (binary 1) and the ‘0’ denotes that LED is off (binary 0) 60, the decimal value of (..00.00..) is (a) 403 (b) 211 (c) 212 (d) 210 13, In equation (2106)9 = (x)g, value of x is (ay 4072 (b) 4172 ~ © 4270 (d) 4017 14. In hexadecimal form, the value of C is (a) 1 (b) 11 2 (d) 14 15. In equation if(24)i9 =%g = 16 then = is (a) 2.0 (b) (c) 0.5 None of these 16. Value of (124619 =(x)g, value of, (a) 2236 \by 2336 (©) 2306 (d) 2363 17. The fraction (0.68)19 is equal to (a) (0.110101) (b) (0.0110110)5 cacti lone of the above 18. The hexadecimal equivalent of (11101000), is (a) D (b) A2 8 (d) B6 equivalent of ~ (11011100.10110011)y is : (a) CD.3aB ye (6) : (©) 99.8C — je = 20. The decimal equi (1042), is (a) 346 6) ‘ (©) 548 Pace gis 
