Patho Exam 1!
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CH 2,3,4,5,7,10,11,12!
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Chapter 2: !
Functional Components of the Cell: !•
Protoplasm: Intracellular Fluid!◦
Composed of:!‣
70-80% of water !•
10-20% of protein!•
2-3% of lipids!•
1% of Carbohydrates!•
electrolytes!•
K!◦
Magnesium phosphate!◦
Sulfate!◦
Bicarbonate ions!◦
Na+!◦
Cl-!◦
Ca!◦
Karyoplasm or Nucleoplasm: is inside the nucleus!•
The cytoplasm: is outside the nucleus. !•
The Cytosol is the fluid of the cytoplasm !◦
Cytosol + Organelles= Cytoplasm!‣
The Nucleus: !◦
All Eukaryotic cells have at least 1 nucleus!‣
Osteoclasts: type of bone cell which contains more than 1 nucleus!‣
Nucleus contains the instructions to make proteins. !‣
Proteins can then make other molecules needed for cellular function & survival!•
Nucleus contains DNA which contains genes!‣
Genes contain the instruction for cellular function & survival!•
Site for the Synthesis of: !‣
mRNA: Made from genetic information transcribed from the DNA in the process called •
Transcription. travels to ribosomes in the cytoplasm so they can make proteins!
rRNA: Ribosomal RNA is he RNA component of ribosomes; The site of protein •
production!
tRNA: Transport amino acids to ribosomes so that mRNA can be turned into a •
sequence of Amino acids. This is the process known as translation; uses the mRNA
template to link amino acids to synthesize proteins. !
Cytoplasm: !◦
Pigments may also accumulate in the cytoplasm. Some pigments are normal parts of the ‣
cells. !
Ex/ Melanin, which gives skin its color. !•
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis in the cell. !‣
Active ribosomes either stay within the cytoplasm or are attached to the membrane of •
the ER, depending on where the protein will be used. !
Rough ER: consist of intricately folded membranes studded with ribosomes.. !‣
Proteins made by the Rough ER usually becomes part of organelles or cell •
membranes, are are secreted from cells as protein. !
Ex/ digestive enzymes found in lysosomes and proteins that are secreted such as ◦
the protein hormone insulin!
Soft ER: Synthesis of lipids including steroid hormones. !‣
The smooth ER of the liver is involved in storage of extra glucose as glycogen as well •
