Download exam2 chapters 5-7 vocab | SOC 101 - Sociology & Soc Problems & Lab and more Quizzes Conflictology in PDF only on Docsity!
aggregate
consists of people who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together TERM 2
category
DEFINITION 2 people who share simaler charicteristics such as college women who wear glasses or all men over six feet TERM 3
primary groups
DEFINITION 3 first group: like family, give us basic orentaion to life TERM 4
secondary groups
DEFINITION 4 larger, more anonymus, formal,and more interpersonal TERM 5
voulntary association
DEFINITION 5 special type of secondary group: made up on voulenteers who organize on the basis of some mutual interest
the iorn law of oligarchy
sociologist: robert michales how organization comes to be dominated by a small self perpetuating elite TERM 7
in-groups
DEFINITION 7 groups towards which we feel loyalty TERM 8
out groups
DEFINITION 8 those we feel antagonism towards TERM 9
reference groups
DEFINITION 9 the groups we refer to when we evaluate ourself ex: family neighbors teachers classmates coworkers TERM 10
social network
DEFINITION 10 people who are linked to one another friends famiy and aqutances
alenation
termed by karl marx - percieved in terms of roles, rules. and functions rather than as individuals, many workers begin to feel more like objects that people. TERM 17
peter principal
DEFINITION 17 by laurance peter: each employee of a buracracy is promoted to his or her level of incompetence -people who preform well will be premoted over and over until they are at a level which they can no longer handle the responsiblities well- ( their level of incompetence) TERM 18
corporate cluture
DEFINITION 18 sociologist rosabeth moss kanter: sterotypes and their powerful effects on workers remain hidden to everyone even their bosses. TERM 19
group dynamics
DEFINITION 19 to refer to how groups influence us and how we affect groups TERM 20
small group
DEFINITION 20 -few members so each one can interact directly with all the other members -primary or secondary ex: wife husband children or workers who take breaks together
triad
a group of three people - the addition of a third person changes the group fundamentally termed by georg simmel TERM 22
coalitions
DEFINITION 22 termed by georg simmel when some group members align themselves against others. TERM 23
dyad
DEFINITION 23 termed by georg simmel smallest group (two people) - marrige/love affairs/close friendships TERM 24
leaders
DEFINITION 24 people who influence the behaviors, opinions, or attitudes of others. TERM 25
instrumental leader
DEFINITION 25 (cartwright and zander)( or task- orinted leader) tries to keep the group moving toward its goals.
groupthink
(irving janis) refers to the collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop. as they begin to think alike they become convinced that there is only one "right" view point and single courses of action to follow. TERM 32
deviance
DEFINITION 32 any violations of norms wheteher the infraction is as minor as driving over the speed limit, as serious as muder, TERM 33
stigma
DEFINITION 33 (erving goffman)1963 characteristics that discredit people these include violations of norms of ability (blindness, deafness, mental handy caps) and norms of appearance ( a facial birthmark, obesity) they also include involentary memberships such as being a victim of AIDS or the brother of a rapist. TERM 34
social order
DEFINITION 34 a groups customary social arrangements TERM 35
social control
DEFINITION 35 formal and informal means of enforcing norms
negative sanctions
expressions of disaproval of deviance being fired is a negitive sanction. TERM 37
positive sanctions
DEFINITION 37 form smiles to formal awards- are used to reward people for conforming to norms. getting a raise is a positive sanction; TERM 38
genetic predispositions
DEFINITION 38 lead people to such deciances as juvenile delincuency and crime TERM 39
street crime
DEFINITION 39 acts such as mugging / rape/ and burglary TERM 40
personality disorders
DEFINITION 40 Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of personality types and behaviors / "an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it".
institutionalized means
the legitimate ways of achieving sucess TERM 47
strain theory
DEFINITION 47 (robert merton) people who experience strain are likely to feel anomie, a sense of normalessness. because mainstream norms (such as working hard) dont seem to be getting them anywhere. TERM 48
illigitimate oppertunity structures
DEFINITION 48 ( cloward and ohlin) diffrent doors open to the poor (crime based) TERM 49
white collar crime
DEFINITION 49 (edwind sutherland 1949) crimes that people of respectable and high social status commit in the course of their occupations. TERM 50
corporate crime
DEFINITION 50 crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation.
criminal justice system
Criminal justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, and sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. TERM 52
capitalist class
DEFINITION 52 those who buy labor and thereby control workers TERM 53
working class
DEFINITION 53 those who sell their labor TERM 54
marginal workingclass
DEFINITION 54 most depressed enf of the working class, people who have few skills, who are subject to layoffs and whose jobs are low paying, partime,or seasonal. TERM 55
recidivism
rate
DEFINITION 55 the percentage of former prisoners who are re-arrested
caste system
where status is determined by birth and is life long ( your cast into your life) TERM 62
endogamy
DEFINITION 62 marrige within their own group and prohibit intermarrige TERM 63
class system
DEFINITION 63 based primarily on money or material possesions, which can be aquired. this system is in place at birth, when children are ascribed the status of their parents, but unlike in the other systems, individuals can change their social class by what they achieve. TERM 64
social mobility
DEFINITION 64 movement up or down the class ladder TERM 65
means of production
DEFINITION 65 Means of production (abbreviated MoP; ) refers to physical, non-human, inputs used in production including factories, machines, and tools; along with both infrastructural capital and natural capital. (marx)
bourgeoisie
one of two groups marx classified people in - (capitalists) those who own the means of production TERM 67
proletariat
DEFINITION 67 one of two groups marx classified people in - (workers) those who work for the owners TERM 68
class conciousness
DEFINITION 68 a shared identity based on their posistion in the means of production. TERM 69
false class conciousness
DEFINITION 69 workers mistakenly thinking themselves as capitalists. TERM 70
meritocracy
DEFINITION 70 Meritocracy is a system of a government or other organization wherein appointments are made and responsibilities assigned to individuals based upon demonstrated talent and ability (merit). positions decided on the basis of merit.
neocolonialism
Neocolonialism is a term used by post-colonial critics of developed countries' involvement in the developing world. ( michael harrington) TERM 77
multnational
corporations
DEFINITION 77 companies that operate across many national boundries, also help to maintain the global dominance of the most industrialized nations.
