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EXPLAIN IT WITH ATOMS AND MOLECULES
- Write a short caption under each picture to describe the process of covalent bonding.
Two hydrogen atoms are The electron from each The attractions bring the two
near each other. hydrogen atom feels an hydrogen atoms together and
attraction from the proton the electrons are shared by both in the other atom atoms making a covalent bond
- What are two conditions atoms must have in order to form covalent bonds with one another?
There has to be strong enough attraction by the protons in each atom for the electrons in the other atom. There must be room for the electrons on the outer energy level of both atoms.
- Why is a hydrogen molecule (H 2 ) more stable than two individual hydrogen atoms?
The electrons form a covalent bond which means that each electron can be near two protons instead of just 1. In a covalent bond, the electrons are shared between the two atoms.
- Why can’t a third hydrogen atom join the H 2 molecule to make H 3?
A hydrogen molecule (H 2 ) is made up of two hydrogen atoms sharing two electrons on the first energy level. If another hydrogen atom comes along, the electron from that hydrogen cannot be shared on the first energy level because there is no room. It would have to be further away from the nucleus and would not feel a strong enough attraction. Also, the electrons in the H 2 molecule would not feel a strong enough attraction to that one proton to move further away from the two protons they are attracted to.
- Write a short caption beside each picture to describe the process of covalent bonding.
The electrons on the outer energy level of oxygen feel the attraction for the proton from hydrogen
The attractions bring the atoms together in a covalent bond
Take it further
- Briefly describe the process of covalent bonding between two oxygen atoms to make an oxygen molecule. Be sure to mention the attractions between electrons and protons and the number of electrons in the outer energy level for the atoms in the final molecule
Electrons from each oxygen atom feel an attraction from protons in the other atom.
The attractions bring the two oxygen atoms together to make a double covalent bond which forms an oxygen molecule from the two oxygen atoms.
- Briefly describe the process of covalent bonding between the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms to make a methane molecule. Be sure to mention attractions between electrons and protons and the number of electrons in the outer energy level for the atoms in the final molecule.
Initially, each Hydrogen atom has a single outermost electron, while the carbon atom has four outermost electrons. Electrons within the hydrogen atoms and the central carbon atom feel an attraction from protons in the other atom.
The attractions bring the atoms together to form four covalent bonds. Each hydrogen atom now has 2 electrons in its outer energy level, while the carbon atom has 8 electrons in its outer energy level
