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Exploring Life and Science: An Introduction to Biology - Prof. Kanaaneh, Lecture notes of Human Biology

A basic introduction to the field of biology, defining its scope and key characteristics of life. It explores the fundamental differences between living and non-living things, highlighting the importance of cellular structure and the role of dna in growth and reproduction. The document also introduces the concept of homeostasis and the evolutionary history of organisms, laying the groundwork for further exploration of biological concepts.

Typology: Lecture notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 09/16/2024

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BIOLOGY
Chapter
1
Exploring
Life
and
Science
Science
is
the
study
of
the
natural
world
(all
the
matter
and
energy)
.
Bio
means
life
,
Biology
specializes
in
life
and
living
organisms
.
The
Difference
of
Science
and
Biology
For
example
:
study
of
space
and
an
erupting
volcano
is
not
biology
but
science
because
they
are
non
living
things
.
However
,
study
of
animals
is
biology
because
they
are
living
.
All
life
shares
common
characteristics
.
Living
organism
examples
:
medicinal
leech
,
mushrooms
,
bacteria
,
meerkats
,
sunflower
,
Giardia
(a
parasite
that
is
stuck
in
stomach
that
causes
diarrhed
.
The
characteristics
of
Life
(living
things
7
.
Living
things
have
a
different
molecular
composition
than
non
living
things
.
·
Only
a
few
chemical
elements
(out
of
100)
are
present
in
any
abundance
in
living
organisms
.
·
96
%
of
our
body
are
only
made
up
of
only
4
elements
(oxygen
[O]
,
carbon
[C]
-
is
the
main
element
.,
Nitrogen
[N]
,
water
[20]
to
create
molecules
of
life
.
If
they
are
not
made
up
of
the
P
elements
,
they
are
non
living
.
Molecules
of
life
:
Proteins
,
carbohydrates
,
Lipids
,
Nucleic
Acids
water
is
also
essential
to
life
but
not
considered
as
molecule
of
life
because
it's
present
in
both
living
and
non
living
things
.
2
.
Living
things
use
materials
and
energy
from
the
environment
.
·
All
living
organisms
take
in
raw
materials
and
energy
from
the
environment
and
metabolize
them
into
the
molecules
and
energy
they
need
to
survive
.
For
Example
:
humans
and
animals
eat
food
and
drink
.
Humans
and
animals
must
acquire
energy
.
3
.
Living
things
are
composed
of
cells
·
is
based
on
the
Cell
Theory
(Theodor
Schwann
and
Matthias
Schleiden
,
1839)
:
~
A
cell
is
the
smallest
unit
that
exhibits
all
the
characteristics
of
life
.
~
All
cells
zome
only
from
pre-existing
cells
by
division
.
Example
:
Unicellular
made
from
one
cell
,
Multicellular
made
from
many
.
·
living
organisms
must
have
at least
one
cell
.
Humans
have
1
trillion
cells
in
our
body
,
so
we
are
multicellular
Zygote
a
fertilized
eg
.
pf3
pf4
pf5

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BIOLOGY

Chapter

Exploring

Life and Science

Science is the study of the natural world (all the matter and

energy)

Bio means life

, Biology

specializes

in life and

living organisms

.

The Difference of Science and

Biology

For

example

:

study

of space and an

erupting

volcano is not

biology

but science because

they

are non

living things

. However

,

study

of animals

is

biology

because

they

are living

All life shares common characteristics.

Living organism examples

: medicinal

leech

, mushrooms ,

bacteria

, meerkats , sunflower ,

Giardia (a

parasite

that is stuck in stomach that causes diarrhed.

The characteristics of Life

(living things

Living things

have a

different molecular composition than non

living things

.

·

Only

a few chemical elements (out of 100) are

present

in

any

abundance in

living

organisms

.

·

96 % of

our

body

are

only

made up of

only

elements

(oxygen

[O]

, carbon

[C]

  • is the main element

., Nitrogen

[N]

,

water

[20]

to create molecules of life. If

they

are not made up of the

P

elements ,

they

are non living .

Molecules

of life

: Proteins

, carbohydrates ,

Lipids

, Nucleic Acids

water is also essential to life but not considered as molecule of life because it's

present

in both

living

and non

living things

.

Living things

use materials and

energy

from the environment.

·

All

living organisms

take in raw materials and

energy

from

the environment and metabolize them into the

molecules and

energy

they

need to survive.

For

Example

:

humans and

animals eat food

and drink

. Humans

and

animals must

acquire

energy.

Living things

are

composed

of cells

·

is

based on the Cell

Theory

(Theodor Schwann

and

Matthias Schleiden

,

:

~

A cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life.

~

All cells zome

only

from

pre-existing

cells

by

division.

Example

: Unicellular made from one cell ,

Multicellular made from

many .

·

living organisms

must have at least one cell. Humans have 1 trillion cells in our

body

,

so we are multicellular

Zygote

a fertilized

eg

.

Living things grow

and

reproduce

·

This

ability

is

determined

by

the genetic

material in cells (DNA)

.

·

They make a

copy

of themselves.

·

Nonliving things can

get larger ,

but they

cannot

create

copies

of themselves.

LivingThings

·

respond

to their internal and external stimuli

·

maintain a

relatively

constant internal environment (homeostasis

·

can have

populations capable of

evolving

and

adapting .

Not all these characteristics

apply

to every living thing all the

time

The

characteristics shared by living organisms

Organized from the atom to the

biosphere

2. Use materials and

energy

from the environment.

Homeostasis

4 . Respond

to internal and external stimuli

Reproduce

and

grow

6. Have an

evolutionary history through

which organisms change

over time

Classifications of Organisms

:

Living Things

are grouped according

to characteristics

Five-kingdom

classification

system

Monera unicellular

, prokaryotes

Fundamental criteria protista unicellular

,

and

simple

multicellular , eukaryotic

(protozoa

,

-presence or absence of a nucleus

algae ,

slime molds

Number of cells Fungi multicellular , eukaryotic , decomposers (tungi ,

yeast ,

mushrooms)

Type

of metabolism Plantae Multicellular

, eukaryotic , photosynthetic

plants

Six-kingdom

classification

Animalia Multicellular , eukaryotic ,

heterotrophic

, invertebrate/verte

they

divided bacteria and archaea

,

the two

types

of monerans

Bacteria unicellular prokaryotic organisms

Archaea unicellular

prokaryotic organisms

most live in extreme environments

Three-Domain classification

·

largest

classification

system

addresses two fundamentally

different

types

of

prokaryotes

1) O

MAIN

Encompasses Kingdoms all the kingdom

are classified

in the

domains .

Bacteria prokaryotes Prokaryotic

does not

possess

Archaea

prokaryotes a nucleus

Eukarya eukaryotes

Eukaryotic

possesses

a nucleus