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EXSS 181 FINAL EXAM 2025 LATEST UPDATE Sport and Exercise
Psychology 100% VERIFIED University of North Carolina EXAM
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attributions? how do they relate to success/failure? (approach/avoid or attract) Overtraining short cycle of high levels of training that are near or at max capacity. Part of training cycle (overload) in which training is raised and then lowered in order to make the body more fit. (principle of exercise physiology) overtraining syndrome excessive overload on an athlete without adequate rest, resulting in decreased performance and the inability to train staleness a state in which the athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regimens and can no longer achieve previous performance results. (overall physical and emotional lull; early warning sign of burnout & it's a typical physical and psych. symptom of OS) Athlete Burnout
A multidimensional, cognitive-affective syndrome; a response to chronic negative stress Characteristics/dimensions of burnout characterized by emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation emo & psych exhaustion reduced sense of personal accomplishment devaluation sport context What kind of personal characteristics may contribute to a higher risk of burnout?
- perceived lack of ability to meet the situational demands
- perceived lack of control over the situation
- perceived lack of meaning in the situation Personality factors that can contribute to burnout?
- perfectionism
- Type A (competitive drive, easy hostility)
- tendency to make attributions that have an external locus of control
- high trait anxiety
- low self confidence
- burned out athletes experience an entrapment profile of port commitment
- feel they must maintain sport involvement ("have to" not "want to" participate)
- stay in sport despite desire to leave bc of: social pressure, large investments, and lack of attractive alternatives non-stress based model of athlete burnout Identity & Control Model
- stress is a symptom of burnout; NOT driving force
- social /organizational structure of sport leads to burnout
- sport leads to dev of burnout in young athletes: unidimensional athletic identities & perceived lack of control over sport participation (burnout in young athletes is not about individual response to participation but about fundamental structure of sport) Given a case study like the one discussed in class, how might you assess burnout, intervene and evaluate an intervention for a potentially burned-out athlete?
- Set short-term goals for competition and practice ("fun" and performance goals)
- Enhance communication skills
- Schedule time-outs
- Stay in good physical condition
- Learn & utilize self-regulation skills (e.g., relaxation, imagery)
- Maintain positive outlook (e.g., modify self-talk)
- Manage post-competition emotions What do each of these profiles suggest?
(Graph) paper Socialization A continuous process whereby individuals learn skills, behaviors, attitudes, and values that cause or enable them to function in their group or culture Socialization INTO sport influence of significant others + opportunity structure - > sport participation Socialization THROUGH sport Sport participation --> Learned attributes values behaviors, and skills Socialization OUT of sport influence of significant others + opportunity structure - > choose to focus on other activities, drop out of sport, barriers to participation socialization agents individual people who personally interact w the role learner Ex. parents, coaches, peers, teachers, and extended fam Socializing Agencies Institutions or larger organizations in the culture
- Liberal use of contingent positive reinforcement
- Establish norms that emphasize athletes' mutual obligations to help and support each other
- Involve athletes in decisions about team rules and compliance
- Self-monitor behavior and get feedback what aspects of affiliation in youth peer relationships are central to youth sport socialization? peer acceptance, status, and popularity friendship social support Martens' (1975) model of port socialization moral development The process of experience and growth through which a person develops the capacity to morally reason moral reasoning The decision process where the rightness or wrongness of a course of action is determined moral behavior The execution of an act that is deemed right or wrong
2 major components of fair play? Adhering to both formal and unwritten rules that allow all contestants an equitable chance to pursue victory Describe Seefeldt's (1987) model of moral development Imagine you are an adolescent athlete, and you find out that a number of your teammates are taking performance-enhancing drugs to try to improve their performance. Provide an example of your moral reasoning process in deciding whether or not to take the drugs that fits with each of the 5 stages of moral development.
- External control: it's ok as long as I don't get caught
- An eye for an eye: it's ok to retaliate if I am wronged
- Altruistic view: treat others as you want to be treated
- following external rules: it's ok if it isn't against the rules
- what is the best for all involved: considering the welfare of others Using the same scenario explained in the question above, explain how social learning theory processes could influence you to choose to take, and not take, the drugs. Explain how a structural development approach could be used to teach moral reasoning
- Social Learning approach
- Structural developmental approach
hostile aggression
- Intent to harm
- Goal to harm
- Anger physical aggression hit, shove social aggression gossiping verbal aggression insults According to revised frustration-aggression theory, what serious of events could lead someone to decide to perform an aggressive act in sport? frustration (failure, blocked)-> increased arousal (pain, anger)-> socially learned cues signal appropriateness of aggression-> aggression (paper) What is the definition of positive youth development (PYD)? A broad concept used to define the promotion of desirable competencies that lead to positive developmental outcomes for youth
Outcomes:
- Communication skills
- Decision making skills
- Problem solving
- Goal setting
- Leadership
- Time management Be able to give some examples of current PYD programs and their missions/visions for how the positively impact youth. Purdue PALS programs
- structured around four character pillars: respect, responsibility, caring, and courage
- 400 children ages 8-14 whose family incomes are at or below federal poverty guidelines Camire et al (2011); what is the purpose of the article? strategies for helping coaches facilitate positive youth development (PYD); focus is not on eliminating undesirable behaviors but emphasizing promotion of various competencies Camire 2011; is this article research or theory based? research Camire 2011; what are the main points reviewed? Camire et al (2011) 5 general strategies
- Carefully develop coaching philosophy
- Develop meaningful relationships with your athletes
- Self Regulation of Attention: process of regulating attention in order to bring a quality of non- elaborative awareness to current experience
- Orientation to Experience: quality of relating to one's experience within an orientation of curiosity, experiential openness, and acceptance trait resilience The ability to modify one's responses to meet the requirements of a stressful situation and return to one's characteristic level of self-regulation after a stressor; once called ego resilience. dynamic resilience a person may be resilient at some periods but not at others what type of stress appraisal does a resilient person employ? secondary mindfulness- practical purposes improves mental health, physical health, and well-being mindfulness-research purposes link to health benefits 3 main components of mindfulness?
- Present Moment- focusing on the thing, situation, person in this unfortunate scenario; not trying to distract oneself from what's happening
- Increase Awareness- taking all factors into account: negatives, positives, what can be done?
- Acceptance-understanding what's happened and your role
- back to present moment why would a sport psychologist choose to teach mindfulness? (benefits in sport?)
- Long-term changes in mood
- Increase happiness and overall well-being
- Prevent depression
- Memory increases
- Creativity increases
- Reduce pain (cancer and sports)
- Improves emotional intelligence
- Healthier —improves immune system
- Affect brain patterns to better deal with anxiety, stress, depression, and irritability. what were the Key & Wang (2008) findings/conclusions? Define sport and exercise psychology scientific study of human behavior in sport and expertise, and the practical application of that knowledge 3 roles of sport psychologists
- Research
Multidisciplinary Research (1978-2000) New research and establishment of journals Contemporary (2000-Present) 3 ways of knowing (advantages and disadvantages too)
- Common Sense: intuitive, easy & quick, but great chance of being wrong
- Practical Experience: case studies and observations; holistic, immediate, but susceptible to bias
- Science: systematic, controlled, empirical; "objective, unbiased"; reductionistic, slow to evolve 4 steps in scientific method?
- Develop a Problem: DV, IV, & purpose
- Form a hypothesis: testable
- Gather data: who? method?
- Analyze and Interpret: support/refute hypothesis and compare to other research IV & DV: Do 8-year-old gymnasts learn new vaults faster if they are exposed to mastery versus coping models? DV= speed at which they learn IV: mastery vs coping models What is a theory? a system of ideas intended to explain something
Personality a pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes 1 person from another and that persists over time and situations Hollander's Model of Personality internal psychological core most constant; basic level, values, interests motives, etc Hollander's Model of Personality typical responses mid point; ways we learn to adjust to the environment; how we usually respond to the world around us? Hollander's Model of Personality role-related behavior most dynamic & changeable aspect of personality; different situations elicit different behaviors Big 5 traits Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
should personality testing be used in athlete selection processes? No
- using clinical tests that focus on abnormality to study avg population
- insufficient evidence of validity and reliability
- social desirability and come psych skills can be learned
- no account for non-psych factors which affect sport performance what is motivation the direction and intensity of effort what are attributions? interpretations/explanations individuals give for success/failures; why you think you were successful or unsuccessful 2 assumptions of attribution theory (Weiner 1979,1985) Motivation is influenced by attributions commonly cited reasons for perceived success & failure 3 characteristics of attributions?
- stability (stable/unstable)
- locus of causality (internal/external)
- Locus of Control (controllable/uncontrollable)
what do the stability, causality, and controllability of attributions mean in terms of psych outcomes when the athlete wins/succeeds? what do the stability, causality, and controllability of attributions mean in terms of psych outcomes when the athlete loses/fails? Self-serving bias making attributions that help you increase/maintain SE/ Confidence success: internal and stable failure: external & unstable learned helplessness psych state where people have learned that failure is inevitable and out of their control
- they stop trying
- attribute failures to uncontrollable causes 2 assumptions of AGT
- People are motivated to achieve competence.
- Motivation is influenced by the personal meaning one assigns to success and failure Task achievement perspective related to own past performance (effort)
