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Intellectual Anti-Semitism in Academia: The Case of the Institute for Historical Review, Lecture notes of World History

The issue of intellectual anti-semitism in academia, focusing on the institute for historical review and its journal, the journal of historical review. How this organization presents itself as scholarly while promoting holocaust denial and revisionist history. It also examines the responses of the jewish community to this form of hate speech.

What you will learn

  • How have Jewish communities responded to the Institute for Historical Review and its publications?
  • What is intellectual anti-Semitism and how does it differ from other forms of anti-Semitism?
  • What tactics does the Institute for Historical Review use to promote its revisionist views on history?

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bg1
t
in deterrence and retaliati•
PRESENT
TENSE
91 J
other. To say that
"true"
·
in peace afforded to
Israc
onciled and forgiving neigt
move away from politics :
(September
1982)
raphy into
utopi~.
We hav
or
the present without
wl
will
be no future.
The argument that, in v
long-range shells and
miss
tiers no longer matter doc
vince me. Every inch ma
advance
of
the"Syrian tat
Yom Kippur War has left
it
scar in
our
memory.
Now it
is
possible that at
in the future, in the course
predictable shifts
of
powea
.
precisely, the Powers), such a Pal-
estinian state will
.be
established any-
how. When that .happens,
we
shall
have to work
at
oar
salvation within
/
Fighting
Intellectual
Anti:.Semitism
t
.,
n
the new parameters. I only hope that,
Jonathan
D.
Sarna
if such a time comes,
we
.shaU have
the opportunity
to
write to each
other
to discover what we think!
And in the meantime
we
must try
to make the best
of
this unhappy sit·
uation. Protect ourselves against at-
tack; control
our
·own extremists;
grant as much autonomy and freedom
as possible; foster friendly contacts
and show ourselves to be fair and rea-
sonable and, whenever
we
can, gen-
erous. Since we cannot command
affection, we must strive to
earn
re-
spect,
Jor
our
own sake as much as
theirs.
It
iS
possible
to
imagine, is it not,
that with the passage
of
yean
the an-
tagonisms will get blunted and some
of
the bitterness will fade? The lead·
ers
on
both
sides who are associated
with the unyielding hostility will have
left the scene. The loyalties and .at-
tachments in successive generations
will have loosened; the hankering for
return and revenge will have lost its
edge.
The
magnet
of
the unmitigated
Arab
wealth
wiU
have gradually emp-
tied the refugee camps; After all, it
.is
not as
if
objectively ·the refugees
had nowhere else
to
go and could not
fashion a construdive life for them·
selves.
By the
end.of
the century (not
aU
that long.to go), the vast majority
of
people in Israel
wiU
have been bQm
there.
·ne
roots will have been ·struck
ineradicably
decp:Tbe
fact ·9f Israel's
existence will
be
time-honored and
beyond questioning. A degree
of
ac-
Among the many forms
of
contem-
porary anti-Semitism,
few
are more
pernicious than the intellectual vari-
ety-;that
is, anti-Semitism
-with
aca-
demic
pretensions.
The
problem
is
not new. Almost' eighty years ago,
Solomon Schechter, then president
~f
the
Jewish"
Theological Seminary,
coined the term .. higher anti-Semi-
tism" for that .. which bums the soul
though it leaves the body unhurt,"
and pointed
out
that it
was
a partic-
ular feature
of
.. so-called civilized
countries."
.. Higher anti-Semitism" in Schech·
ter's .day took the form
cf
pseudo-
biblical scholarship attached to ven-
omous attacks against Judaism and
the
Jewish people. Hatred
also
masked
itself as the .. science
of
race," which
purported to demonstrate, in the
words
of
Madison Grant, author
of
The
Passing
of
the
Greal
·Race,
that
..
The
cross between a white man and
an
Indian
is
an
Indian; the cross be-
tween a white man and a negro
is
a
negro;- and the cross between any
of
the
three European
~ccs
and a Jew
is a Jew."
Today such intellectual anti-Semi-
tism
has
largely disappeared. It
has
been replaced by hate-mongering in
loMduua
D.
Sarna
is
the
author
of
the
forthcoming People
Walle
on
Their
Heads: Moses Weinberger's Jews and
Judaism in New York (Holmu
&:
Mtitr).
the cloak
of
history. Modern practi-
tioners call it historical revisionism',
and through it hope to achieve a rad-
ical reinterpretation
of
the past. At
the center
of
revisionist studies stands
the Institute for Historical Review.
Among its publications
is
The
Journal
of
Historical
Review,
which describes
itself
as
a "scholarly" journal, and
comes .complete with the usual aca-
demic trappings.
A quick reading
of
The
Journal suf-
fices
to penetrate its objective ve-
neer. Featured in the first issue
is
an
article by Arthur R. Butz,
·an
asso-
ciate professor
of
electrical engineer-
ing and computer sciences at
Northwestern University, on
"The
International 'Holocaust' Contro-
versy," which discusses the widely
publicized theme, advanced in his
book
of
the same name, that the Hol-
ocaust
is
"The
Hoax
of
the Twentieth
Century." Subsequent articles, many
by
~cademicians,
.. expose"
other
al-
leged .. myths," employing tortuous
logic, arguments
"from
silence and
misreading
of
evidence-all
accom-
panied by extensive
footnotes-to
"prove" that concentration camp gas
chambers were in reality nothing
more than ••cold storage rooms," that
evidence documenting the Holocaust
is
.. faked" and that .those who truly
suffered in World War U were non-
Jews, Germans in particular.
Articles parroting Arab ·propa-
ganda, with titles such as
•ne
Men-
dacity
of
Zion'":
and
..
Palestine: Liberty
ana Justice," extend
the
process
of
.. revisionism" to the Middle East cri-
sis. Snide comments about
the
Tal-
mud (such as ..
That
particular·tome
is
brim
fuU
of
allusions to toiletary
[sic J and sexual functions and dys-
functions"), and
on
worldwide Jew-
ish power prove that ••revisionism"
is
firmly planted in traditional anti-
Semitism.
How
can Jews respond to this ma-
licious rigamarole?
Four
strategies
suggest themselves. They are best
described as outrage, silence, instruc-
tion and obstruction. Each has been
put to use in different places
at
dif·
ferent
t.imes.
Outrage
involves strong expres-
sions
of
stunned shock with emotion
detennining response. Those
who··
loudly express their feelings
do
·so
because they insist upon remember·
ing Holocaust marlyn .. in ·their ve
pf3

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t

in deterrence and retaliati• PRESENT TENSE 9 1 J

other. To say that "true" · in peace afforded to Israc onciled and forgiving neigt move away from politics :

(September 1982)

raphy into utopi~. We hav or the present without wl will be no future. The argument that, in v long-range shells and miss tiers no longer matter doc vince me. Every inch ma advance of the"Syrian tat Yom Kippur War has left it scar in our memory. Now it is possible that at in the future, in the course predictable shifts of powea. precisely, the Powers), such a Pal- estinian state will .be established any- how. When that .happens, we shall have to work at oar salvation within

Fighting Intellectual

Anti:.Semitism

t

., n

the new parameters. I only hope that, Jonathan D. Sarna if such a time comes, we .shaU have the opportunity to write to each other to discover what we think!

And in the meantime we must try

to make the best of this unhappy sit· uation. Protect ourselves against at- tack; control our ·own extremists; grant as much autonomy and freedom as possible; foster friendly contacts and show ourselves to be fair and rea-

sonable and, whenever we can, gen-

erous. Since we cannot command affection, we must strive to earn re- spect, Jor our own sake as much as theirs.

It iS possible to imagine, is it not,

that with the passage of yean the an- tagonisms will get blunted and some of the bitterness will fade? The lead· ers on both sides who are associated with the unyielding hostility will have left the scene. The loyalties and .at- tachments in successive generations will have loosened; the hankering for return and revenge will have lost its edge. The magnet of the unmitigated Arab wealth wiU have gradually emp- tied the refugee camps; After all, it

.is not as if objectively ·the refugees

had nowhere else to go and could not fashion a construdive life for them· selves. By the end.of the century (not aU that long.to go), the vast majority of people in Israel wiU have been bQm there. ·ne roots will have been ·struck ineradicably decp:Tbe fact ·9f Israel's existence will be time-honored and beyond questioning. A degree of ac-

Among the many forms of contem- porary anti-Semitism, few are more pernicious than the intellectual vari- ety-;that is, anti-Semitism -with aca- demic pretensions. The problem is not new. Almost' eighty years ago, Solomon Schechter, then president ~f the Jewish" Theological Seminary, coined the term .. higher anti-Semi- tism" for that ..which bums the soul though it leaves the body unhurt," and pointed out that it was a partic- ular feature of ..so-called civilized countries." .. Higher anti-Semitism" in Schech· ter's .day took the form cf pseudo- biblical scholarship attached to ven- omous attacks against Judaism and the Jewish people. Hatred also masked itself as the ..science of race," which purported to demonstrate, in the words of Madison Grant, author of The Passing of the Greal ·Race, that ..The cross between a white man and an Indian is an Indian; the cross be- tween a white man and a negro is a negro;- and the cross between any of the three European ~ccs and a Jew is a Jew." Today such intellectual anti-Semi- tism has largely disappeared. It has been replaced by hate-mongering in

loMduua D. Sarna is the author of the

forthcoming People Walle on Their Heads: Moses Weinberger's Jews and Judaism in New York (Holmu &: Mtitr).

the cloak of history. Modern practi- tioners call it historical revisionism', and through it hope to achieve a rad- ical reinterpretation of the past. At the center of revisionist studies stands the Institute for Historical Review. Among its publications is The Journal of Historical Review, which describes itself as a "scholarly" journal, and comes .complete with the usual aca- demic trappings. A quick reading of The Journal suf- fices to penetrate its objective ve- neer. Featured in the first issue is an article by Arthur R. Butz, ·an asso- ciate professor of electrical engineer- ing and computer sciences at Northwestern University, on "The International 'Holocaust' Contro- versy," which discusses the widely publicized theme, advanced in his book of the same name, that the Hol- ocaust is "The Hoax of the Twentieth Century." Subsequent articles, many by ~cademicians, ..expose" other al- leged .. myths," employing tortuous logic, arguments "from silence and misreading of evidence-all accom- panied by extensive footnotes-to "prove" that concentration camp gas chambers were in reality nothing more than ••cold storage rooms," that evidence documenting the Holocaust is .. faked" and that .those who truly suffered in World War U were non- Jews, Germans in particular. Articles parroting Arab ·propa- ganda, with titles such as •ne Men- dacity of Zion'": and ..Palestine: Liberty ana Justice," extend the process of .. revisionism" to the Middle East cri- sis. Snide comments about the Tal- mud (such as ..That particular·tome is brim fuU of allusions to toiletary

[sic J and sexual functions and dys-

functions"), and on worldwide Jew- ish power prove that ••revisionism" is firmly planted in traditional anti- Semitism. How can Jews respond to this ma- licious rigamarole? Four strategies suggest themselves. They are best described as outrage, silence, instruc- tion and obstruction. Each has been put to use in different places at dif· ferent t.imes. Outrage involves strong expres- sions of stunned shock with emotion detennining response. Those who·· loudly express their feelings do ·so because they insist upon remember· ing Holocaust marlyn .. in ·their ve

guts and bones ... lest their mem- gue, should be accorded the Institute know enough not to be anti~Semitic." ory perish," as the philosopher Emil for Historical Review. Those who follow this advice pa- ' Fackenheim put it. His command- One problem in remaining silent is tiently respond to the claims of his- ment not to hand Hitler yet another that by not "answering" their ene- torical revisionists, hoping that truth posthumous victory finds fulfillment mies Jews expose themselves to the will win out in the end. Since the through their mouths. charge of being unable to answer. majority of Americans now living Users of this method, anxious to Silence speaks an ambiguous mes- have no conscious memories of the avoid being labeled "Jews of si· sage: contempt, or fear, or just plain Holocaust (a fact that has received lence," scream their protests through bafflement. Many Americans view a far too little attention). they must de- every available medium. Defense "no comment" with suspicion, for pend for information on what they agencies crank out press releases; let· often it means that someone has learn from others. This theary holds ters are sent to local newspapers. Per- something to hide. Not to answer his- that even if revisionists are not con· sons with non-Jewis~ friends in high torieal revisionists, for example, not vinc:ed by instructive refutations based places implore them to speak out; only allows them to clai~ victory by on fact·, some innocent readers at well-publicized demonstrations take default; it may actually lead some least might be. place.. people to give credence to their Unfortunately, such well-meaning Unfortunately, the act of shouting charges. efforts can unwittingly accord hate· g~walt often focuses attention on the Instruction assumes that hatred can mongers both free publicity and a cer· very sentiments the shouters most be countered with hard facts. Harold tain legitimacy. Their vicious ideas wish to see forgotten. Those who at· E. Quinley and Charles Y. Glock may wind up being regarded as seri· tack intellectual anti-Semitism some- concluded, in.Anti·S~mitism in .Am~r- ous contributions to the marketplace

times unwittingly gain it recognition. iaz, that "Lack of education is the of ideas, and they themselves may

Many who would never have known main source of anti-Semitic prejudice emerge in the public mind as not evil,

· an)'thing about the Institute for His- in America." They assert that in- but just misguided. The controversy

torical Review may lc~ about it strudion is the best way to reduce. about the HoJocaust could in the end

only as a result of the protests. prejudice, since ..anti-Semitism per- be viewed as no more than a debate·.

Furthermore, the outrage ap- sists largely ~use people do not between two competin& historiCal'

Proach ·may^ m·Yl•te^ a ..I"''Vina-~- -If'ft'V • ·:.,, !#~~":;;.~^ ..,~.:·1-:'...^ ; response-lor the more often shout- , -~;~$~;~;(~;

ingto listen. is beard History "'e less teaches likely us anyone that pco- is ..-----------------------.· • ·,. ;" :

:alS:::.": Victims <?f A!p-erica's in~f~n~~

. outrage. Thil' metbocf,·fighti 0 and- and of aitl~ s hatred. • :-;,":,;'::. J~

.~:::l)'by..:';!"fici~'r~ :;:..-=.",:;:.~.:.~~= -. ... ~/

what hate QOUps crave. menled. Leonard Dinnelstein draws on rec:entJy •

''Notoriety, even the notoriety that records 10 detal the shoc:lcinO mistreatment of the already · abused.flfugees. the clumsy attempts at "repatriation." flit

results from adverse criticism, bas u.S.immioration law that IIYoRd Nul collaborators-and the

advantages," Rabbi S. Andhil F"me- sttuogte ofa detennlned few to. furnish rulllelp to lhe c:ruea,

t berg advised almost four decades ago neQieCie4 scnMrs. ' .......

In his study, Overt:Dmlnt .And-Semi-. "1111 ~ o1 antiSemitism, neglect and heroic· ..

tism. ..Obscurit)'-COW obscurity-is ~~• ..:::::=~= WNidy

a sad and lonely void for agitators. ~:"~.Jour!'~' If they have not yet escaped obscu- rity, don't furnish a ladder."

AMERICA AND THE

SURVIVORS OF

THE HOLOCAUST

Leonard Dinner&tein S1US. Photos. ~American History Series, \Wiiam E. l.Mhtenburg, Geneial Editor N. rour ~or direct 1tom

Few persons know what historian

Lucy Dawidowic:z discovered-char

many of those involved in the Insti-

tute Cor Historical Review have Cor

years also been involved in extremist right-wing activities of the Uberty Lobby, the best financed and-Semitic organization in the United States. Though can:fuUy monitored by sev- eral organizations, the Uberty Lobby has had little public attention lately,.

because no data "was pven to the

media,liclty would on the do croun~ mon: harm thatlhaa&Oocf..- such pu~--l!§!E:!EiE:E::~!:!=~~ The same silent treatment, many ar-

~... ,.__^ ... ,..

•i 'I

. ~ a~·

!.