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Final Exam - Fall 2011, Exams of Epidemiology

Vermont State CollegesEpidemiology

96 Multiple Choice Questions with Best Options.

Typology: Exams

2021/2022

Uploaded on 02/24/2022

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mathieu 🇮🇹

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EPIDEMIOLOGY 227 FINAL EXAMINATION
June 9, 2011
Select the best answer for the multiple choice questions. There are 96 questions and 13
pages on the examination. Notify the instructor if your examination does not have 13
pages. Clearly indicate on the scan form the one best answer to each question among the
answers provided. Be sure that you have selected your choice correctly on the scan form.
Be sure that you have entered your name and identification number on the scan form and
filled out the columns for the letters of your name and numbers of your identification
number correctly (see front and back). Use a #2 pencil and fill all circles completely.
1. Public health ethics is:
a. Patient-centered
b. Population-centered
c. Subject-centered
d. Must respect the rights of individuals
e. b. and d. above
2. The primary goal of public health is to:
a. Protect the uninfected
b. Protect the infected
c. Protect the identity of those who have died from an infectious disease
d. a. and c. above
e. b. and c. above
3. Anxiety is a useful tool for implementing public health interventions.
a. True
b. False
4. Fluoridation of community water is an example of:
a. Personal autonomy
b. Public health legal powers/coercion
c. The community good superceding individual human rights
d. a. and b. above
e. b. and c. above
5. Which of the following are goals of vaccination?
a. Prevent infection
b. Prevent disease
c. Prevent transmission
d. All of the above
e. a. and c. above
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EPIDEMIOLOGY 227 FINAL EXAMINATION

June 9, 2011

Select the best answer for the multiple choice questions. There are 96 questions and 13 pages on the examination. Notify the instructor if your examination does not have 13 pages. Clearly indicate on the scan form the one best answer to each question among the answers provided. Be sure that you have selected your choice correctly on the scan form. Be sure that you have entered your name and identification number on the scan form and filled out the columns for the letters of your name and numbers of your identification number correctly (see front and back). Use a #2 pencil and fill all circles completely.

  1. Public health ethics is: a. Patient-centered b. Population-centered c. Subject-centered d. Must respect the rights of individuals e. b. and d. above
  2. The primary goal of public health is to: a. Protect the uninfected b. Protect the infected c. Protect the identity of those who have died from an infectious disease d. a. and c. above e. b. and c. above
  3. Anxiety is a useful tool for implementing public health interventions. a. True b. False
  4. Fluoridation of community water is an example of: a. Personal autonomy b. Public health legal powers/coercion c. The community good superceding individual human rights d. a. and b. above e. b. and c. above
  5. Which of the following are goals of vaccination? a. Prevent infection b. Prevent disease c. Prevent transmission d. All of the above e. a. and c. above
  1. The basic code of ethical research (respect for persons, beneficence, and justice) was first established by the: a. Nuremberg Code b. Declaration of Helsinki c. CIOMS d. Belmont Report
  2. Avoiding action is always the correct ethical alternative: a. True b. False
  3. That qualified researchers must use appropriate research designs was one of the tenets of the Nuremburg Code: a. True b. False
  4. Respect for persons means that persons intellectually compromised individuals may not serve as research subjects: a. True b. False
  5. A “benefit” of research may accrue: a. To the participant b. To his/her family c. To society d. All of the above e. a. and b. above
  6. Ethical considerations usually require choosing the least worst alterative rather than the best alternative: a. True b. False
  7. The most important element of ethical research on human subjects is: a. Beneficence b. Justice c. A methodologically sound study design d. Informed consent
  8. The single most important key to the success of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort (MACS) is: a. The brilliance of the principal investigator b. The commitment of the staff c. The commitment of the participants d. The quality of the laboratories e. The quality of data management
  1. The major beneficiary of Medicaid in the U.S. is: a. Single men b. The elderly c. Women and children d. Undocumented residents
  2. Ryan White funds are an example of which type of federal support? a. Mandatory spending b. Discretionary spending c. Presidential allocation
  3. The United States contributes over 50% of the budget of the Global Fund: a. True b. False
  4. Most U.S. AIDS funding to other countries is bilateral: a. True b. False
  5. Globally, the most deaths are caused by: a. HIV b. Respiratory infections c. Diarrheal diseases d. Malaria e. Tuberculosis
  6. Under President Obama, the majority of HIV/AIDS drugs provided through PEPFAR were generic: a. True b. False
  7. Surveillance data must be: a. Rapidly collected b. Use simple case definitions c. Provide very precise estimates d. All of the above e. a. and b. above
  8. The requirements for an effective surveillance system include: a. A diagnostic algorithm b. Staff members c. A sampling frame d. All of the above
  9. A good surveillance system should provide information about: a. Who is being infected b. Where the infected individuals are c. How rapidly infection is spreading d. All of the above e. a. and c. above
  1. For finding the reservoir of infection in a population, it is imperative that the surveillance population be representative of the whole population: a. True b. False
  2. Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs? a. Cohort b. Serial cross-sectional c. Mortality d. Syndromic e. a. and c. above
  3. The surveillance testing strategy associated with the least selection bias is: a. Compulsory b. Unlinked anonymous c. Voluntary anonymous d. Voluntary confidential e. Routine anonymous
  4. “Test and treat” depends on: a. The proportion of infected persons willing to be tested b. The willingness of persons testing HIV positive to begin treatment c. The availability of resources for persons testing HIV positive d. All of the above e. a. and c. above
  5. The current testing policy of the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization is: a. “Opt-in” b. “Opt-out” c. Mandatory testing of prisoners d. Mandatory testing of high-risk groups
  6. Which of the two following strategies usually provides more accurate information about disease/infection occurrence in a community? a. Passive b. Active
  7. Surveillance systems usually provide information about the changing prevalence of disease rather than the changing incidence: a. True b. False
  8. A surveillance system that doesn’t result in informed policy decisions is a waste of money: a. True b. False
  1. PreP is most effective for which group: a. Men with frequent unprotected sex b. Men with infrequent unprotected sex c. Women with frequent unprotected sex d. Women with infrequent unprotected sex
  2. The effectiveness of PEP is inversely proportional to the elapsed interval between exposure and initiation of therapy. a. True b. False
  3. Achieving effective change in a community is usually dependent on which of the following segments of society? a. Innovators b. Early adapters c. Middle adapters d. Late adapters e. b. and d. above
  4. The role of community intervention is usually to change community “norms”: a. True b. False
  5. Black tar heroin is easy to use because it dissolves in water easily: a. True b. False
  6. The three countries with the most drug injectors are: a. Bolivia, Argentina, Thailand b. China, the U.S. and Russia c. Afghanistan, Iraq and Myanmar d. Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia e. Mexico, Argentina, and Australia
  7. In the last ten years, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of drug injectors who are women in: a. China b. Vietnam c. Laos d. All of the above e. a. and b. above
  8. Drug rehabilitation centers in Asia have been successful: a. True b. False
  1. Benefits of opioid replacement therapy as an approach for HIV prevention include: a. Reducing craving for and use of illicit opioids b. More sharing of injecting paraphernalia c. Reducing frequency of injection drug use d. Both a and c
  2. Stable methadone maintenance results in: a. Reduced incidence of injection drug use b. Reduced frequency of injecting c. Switching from heroin to methamphetamine d. All of the above e. a. and b. above
  3. Reduction in the risk of seroconversion with methadone maintenance is dependent on adherence: a. True b. False
  4. The characteristic of injecting drug users in Asia is/are: a. Strong family support b. Low failure rate for rehabilitation centers c. Remaining a member of the community d. Both a and c
  5. The three key intervention strategies according to Professor Shoptaw are: a. Behavioral intervention, treatment and structural interventions b. Condoms, drug therapy and regulation of commercial sex establishments c. Drug replacement therapy, community intervention and needle exchange d. HIV testing, drug therapy and condom use
  6. “Serosorting” is the practice of a. Separating HIV+ and HIV- patients b. Selecting a sex partner of the same HIV infection status c. Selecting a sex partner of the same gender d. Selecting a sex partner of the same AIDS status e. a. and b. above
  7. Determinants of acquiring an HIV infection from an infected person per sexual act include: a. Viral RNA level b. Presence of other infections c. Condom use d. All of the above e. a. and c. above
  1. The prevalence of HIV among Latino-Americans compared to other ethic groups in the U.S. is: a. Highest b. Higher than all other ethnic groups except African-Americans c. Higher than in all other ethnic groups except African-Americans and Native Americans e. Higher than in all other ethnic groups except Asian-Americans
  2. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection in Los Angeles is highest in which ethnic group? a. European American b. Asian-Americans c. Hispanic-Americans d. Native Americans e. African-Americans
  3. The following cultural characteristics of Latinos increase their vulnerability to HIV infection. a. Gender inequality b. “Machismo” c. Homophobia d. All of the above e. b. and c. above
  4. The major risk group for HIV infection among Latinos is: a. Heterosexual males b. Homosexual males c. Females d. Injection drug users e. Pregnant women
  5. Which of the following is the cause of delay in HIV testing among the Latino population? a. Stigma attached to the disease b. Machismo c. Drug abuse d. All of the above
  6. The major issue for HIV infection among the Latino population is: a. Late detection of HIV status b. Cultural beliefs c. Immigration d. All of the above
  1. The highest risk of HIV infection among drug users in the U.S. is in: a. The east coast b. The central United States (Kansas, Missouri etc.) c. Southern California d. The Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho)
  2. Methamphetamine in the U.S. is used primarily by: a. IDUs b. CSWs c. MSM d. Young heterosexual men
  3. In the absence of treatment the risk of HIV transmission from an infected mother to her fetus/infant was highest in which of the following areas? a. Africa b. North America c. Europe d. Japan e. California
  4. The biggest single determinant of HIV transmission to the infant is: a. Mother’age b. Mother’s viral load c. Mother’s immune status d. Father’s viral load e. Infant’s CD4+ level
  5. Protease inhibitors are an effective treatment for infected pregnant women to protect their fetus because they easily cross the placental barrier: a. True b. False
  6. The risk of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 infection during breast feeding is increased due to: a. Mixed feeding b. Very early introduction of solids c. Both a and b d. None of them
  7. Newborn infants in countries with limited access to safe water and low levels of education should be: a. Exclusively formula fed for six months b. Exclusively breast fed for six months c. Should receive both breast milk and other foods as tolerated in the first 6 months d. Should receive both formula and other food as tolerated in the first 6 months
  1. Opportunistic infections of the brain continue to be a major problem in the era of antiretroviral treatment: a. True b. False
  2. Currently, peripheral neuropathies in HIV-infected persons are most likely to be caused by: a. CMV b. HPV c. Antiretroviral drugs d. Papaova virus e. Chlamydia
  3. Therapy with antiretroviral drugs can reverse HIV-associated dementia: a. True b. False
  4. In HIV-associated tuberculosis cases, treatment with antiretrovirals should begin: a. Before antiretroviral drugs are started b. After antiretroviral drugs are started c. Concurrently with antiretroviral drugs d. Doesn’t make any difference
  5. The first acquired immune cell to respond defensively to HIV infection is: a. CD4+ b. CD8+ c. CD d. NK cells e. Macrophages
  6. Why do vigorous CD8 cell responses in chronically infected HIV-positive individuals fail to eliminate the virus? a. CTL exhaustion b. Epitope escape c. Suboptimal CTL d. Absence of dendritic cells
  7. Binding of receptors on which site of the provirus stimulates gene expression and replication? a. TAT b. TAR c. NEF d. LTR