Download Final Exam, part 1 | BIOL - Biology 2 - Intermediate and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Cellular Respiration
(glycolysis) (converted)1 glucose ----> 2 pyruvate ----> 2 acetyle CoA----> citric acid cycle ----> electron transport chain 2 ATP 34 ATP TERM 2
Hypothesis
DEFINITION 2 A suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested TERM 3
Scientific Method
DEFINITION 3
- observarion2. question3. hypothesis4. experiment5. conclusion6. results TERM 4
Metabolism
DEFINITION 4 sum of all chemical reactions within organism TERM 5
Photosynthesis
DEFINITION 5 Carbon dioxide + water ----> sugar + oxygen (sunlight)6CO
- 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2Carbon dioxide goes in Oxygen comes outlight reactions occur in the thylakoid membranetakes place in the mesophyll
Chlorophyll
pigment in the thylakoid membraneabsobrs all colors but green which causes the green color in plantsabsorbs light (Solar energy) TERM 7
Natural Selection
DEFINITION 7 the greater relative survival and reproduction of individuals in a population that have favorableheritable traitsThe 3 principles upon which the concept of Natural Selection is based:1. The characteristics of organisms are inherited2. More offspring are produce than are able to survive3. Offspring vary among each other in regard to their characteristicsCharles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discovered the scientific concept of natural selection TERM 8
Homeostasis
DEFINITION 8 the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions TERM 9
Atom
DEFINITION 9 a basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions TERM 10
Proton
DEFINITION 10 positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus
Acid
a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH TERM 17
Base
DEFINITION 17 a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pH TERM 18
Isotope
DEFINITION 18 one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons TERM 19
Matter
DEFINITION 19 anything that has mass and occupies space TERM 20
Carbohydrate
DEFINITION 20 a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells
Protein
a biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids TERM 22
Nucleic Acid
DEFINITION 22 a biological macromolecule that carries the genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell TERM 23
Lipids
DEFINITION 23 a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and insoluble in water TERM 24
starch
DEFINITION 24 a storage carbohydrate in plants TERM 25
Glycogen
DEFINITION 25 stored in muscles by animalscarbohydrateperforms long- term storage
DNA
genetic material found in all living organismsgenetic information of cell is stored in DNA two parallel strands of intertwining molecules TERM 32
RNA
DEFINITION 32 a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides that is involved in protein synthesis TERM 33
Isomer
DEFINITION 33 two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms TERM 34
Cell
DEFINITION 34 The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things TERM 35
Plasma Membrane
DEFINITION 35 phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment
Cell
Wall
Rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell TERM 37
Nucleus
DEFINITION 37 the core of the atom TERM 38
Ribosomes
DEFINITION 38 cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis TERM 39
Mitochondria
DEFINITION 39 Resposible for making ATP"energy factories" TERM 40
Chloroplast
DEFINITION 40 a plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae
Endocytosis
type of active transport that moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell TERM 47
Exocytosis
DEFINITION 47 purpose is to expel material from the cell into the extracellular fluid TERM 48
Activation Energy
DEFINITION 48 small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur TERM 49
Osmosis
DEFINITION 49 water always moves from an area of higher concentration (of water) to one of lower concentration (of water) TERM 50
Diffusion
DEFINITION 50 A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
material moves across the plasma membrane with the assistance of transmembrane proteins down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) without the expenditure of cellular energy TERM 52
Hypotonic
DEFINITION 52 such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell TERM 53
Hypertonic
DEFINITION 53 the fluid contains less water than the cell does, such as seawaterhigher concentration TERM 54
Isotonic
DEFINITION 54 the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell TERM 55
Solvent
DEFINITION 55 substance capable of dissolving another substance
Grana (Granum)
stack of thylakoids TERM 62
Light Reaction
DEFINITION 62 take place in thylakoidslight reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy TERM 63
Calvin Cycle Reaction
DEFINITION 63 CO2 going in, comes out as carbohydrateCarbon Fixation takes place in Calvin Cycle reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules.steps;1. carbon fixation2. reduction3. regeneration TERM 64
Oxidation
DEFINITION 64 removes electrons from chemical TERM 65
Stomata
DEFINITION 65 (pores)used for gas exchangetake in carbon dioxide, release oxygen
Stroma
Calvin Cycle takes place space surrounding the granum TERM 67
Thylakoid
DEFINITION 67 stacked, disc-shaped structures within chloroplast 3 characteristics of thylakoids:1. stacks calledgranum2. stroma spaced between thylakoids3. contain chlorophyll TERM 68
Electron Transport Chain
DEFINITION 68 produces the most ATP (34 ATP) inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes TERM 69
Citric Acid Cycle
DEFINITION 69 Pyruvate molecules are transported into mitochondria Two carbon atoms come into the citric acid cycle from each acetyl group. Two carbon dioxide molecules are released on each turn of the cycle TERM 70
Glycolysis
DEFINITION 70 anaerobi process (w/o oxygen)purpose is to break down sugar and produce ATP
Gametes
a haploid reproductive cell 16 chromosomes TERM 77
Heterozygous
DEFINITION 77 having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosomeMendel's experiments show that recessive alleles can be carried but not expressed, which means carriers are said to be heterozygous TERM 78
Homozygous
DEFINITION 78 having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosomesA recessive trait will be observed in individualsthat are homozygous TERM 79
Incomplete Dominance
DEFINITION 79 expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotypeIf black & white true breeding mice arewaited and the result is all grey offspring the inheritance pattern would incomplete dominancealso known as blending TERM 80
Codominance
DEFINITION 80 complete and simultaneous expression of both alleles for the same characteristic
Linked Genes
Genes located near each other on the same chromosome TERM 82
Dominant
DEFINITION 82 describes a trait that masks the expression of another trait when both versions of the gene are present in an individualdominant traits are unchanged TERM 83
Recessive
DEFINITION 83 describes a trait whose expression is masked by another trait when the alleles for both traits are present in an individual TERM 84
X-Linked
DEFINITION 84 a gene present on the X chromosome, but not the Y chromosome TERM 85
Codon
DEFINITION 85 a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
Transcription
the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequenceThis copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein TERM 92
RNA Polymerase
DEFINITION 92 During elongation, an enzyme called RNA polymerase proceeds along the DNA template adding nucleotides by base pairing with the DNA template in a manner similar to DNA replication TERM 93
rRNA
DEFINITION 93 ribosomal RNA; molecules of RNA that combine to form part of the ribosome TERM 94
Adaptation
DEFINITION 94 All living organisms exhibit a fit to their environmentIf birds are doing certain things on a nisland such as flying from one island to another, this would be an example of adaptation a heritable trait or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival in its present environment TERM 95
Evolution
DEFINITION 95 the process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise.not goal directed
Homologous Structure
A structure that is similar becasue of descent from a common ancestor example: wings of hummingbirds and ostrichesKnow if u were given an example of a wing of a bird and an arm of a human, this would be an example of homologous structure TERM 97
Analogous Structure
DEFINITION 97 A structure that is similar because of evoultion in response to similar selection pressures resulting in convergent evolutionNot similar because of descent from a common ancestor TERM 98
Speciation
DEFINITION 98 the formation of two species from one original species For speciation to occur, two new populations must be formed from one original population, and they must evolve in such a way that it becomes impossible for individuals from the two new populations to interbreed TERM 99
Allopatric Speciation
DEFINITION 99 Speciation in "other homelands" TERM 100
Sympatric Speciation
DEFINITION 100 Speciation in "same homelands"
