Download Term 1: Overview of Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Theories and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Law of Effect
If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, the association between stimulus and response will be strengthened. If followed by annoying event, association will be weakened. TERM 2
Instrumental Conditioning
DEFINITION 2 Process in which the environment constrains the opportunity for reward and a specific response will obtain that reward. TERM 3
Operant Conditioning
DEFINITION 3 Process in which there are no environmental constraints on opportunity for reward and a specific response will obtain that reward. TERM 4
Primary Reinforcers
DEFINITION 4 Innate ability to increase behavior or to be reinforcing. No prior learning or experience. Will enable condition to occur faster. i.e. food, sex, water TERM 5
Secondary Reinforcers
DEFINITION 5 Learned to find them reinforcing because they are associated with primary reinforcers. i.e. money, praise
Discrete Trial Method
An experimental approach in which the environment has constraints on behavior (instrumental). i.e. alley mazes and T-mazes TERM 7
Free Operant Method
DEFINITION 7 Any situation where behavior can be repeated TERM 8
Positive Reinforcement
DEFINITION 8 In operant conditioning, reinforcement occurs when an event following a response causes an increase in the probability of that response occurring in the future. TERM 9
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
DEFINITION 9 Every time the behavior occurs, reinforcement follows. Rare in natural environment, typical in lab settings. TERM 10
Ratio Schedules
DEFINITION 10 A required number of behaviors are needed to receive one reinforcer. Same reinforcer occurs every single time.
Scalloping
As time approaches, subject tries to do the behavior (accelerates), but stops doing the behavior beforehand. TERM 17
Variable Interval Schedule
DEFINITION 17 The average amount of time is calculated TERM 18
Concurrent Schedule of Reinforcement
DEFINITION 18 Operating on multiple schedules at a time in order to figure out where you can maximize reinforcement. TERM 19
Concurrent-Chain Schedule of Reinforcement
DEFINITION 19 Allows you to make an initial choice, but you are now committed to that choice TERM 20
Factors that Affect Instrumental
Conditioning
DEFINITION 20
- delay of reinforcement 2. magnitude (quality) of reinforcement 3. past experiences and expectations
Positive Contrast Effect
A shift from lower level reinforcer to higher level reinforcer. Behavior would increase currently to higher than what we would expect. TERM 22
Negative Contrast Effect
DEFINITION 22 Process in which we see a shift from high level reward to low level reward. If given higher quality reinforcement in the past, behavior will decrease currently to lower than what we would expect. TERM 23
Extinction
DEFINITION 23 The removal of reinforcement, so the subject ultimately stops responding. TERM 24
Factors that Affect
Extinction
DEFINITION 24
- Reinforcement schedule that you are trained on 2. Size of reinforcement (larger rewards are slower to extinction) 3. Delay of reinforcement TERM 25
Reinforcement as Stimulus Presentation
DEFINITION 25
- Physiological homeostasis and drive reduction 2. Primary and incentive motivation 3. Sensory reinforcement 4. Brain stimulation reinforcement
Generalization is Likely to Occur
when...
- You can't tell the difference between stimuli (colorblind) 2. You don't have right sensory orientation 3. You don't have an intense/salient stimulus 4. Motivational factors TERM 32
Escape
DEFINITION 32 Situation where your response is motivated by aversive stimulus itself. Response will be rewarded because you will be able to terminate that aversive stimulus by doing the behavior. TERM 33
Factors that Increase Rate of Behavior
DEFINITION 33
- Intensity of aversive stimulus 2. Amount of negative reward you receive once you do the behavior 3. Termination of aversive stimulus should be immediate TERM 34
Avoidance Learning
DEFINITION 34 Your behavior will prevent or postpone the occurrence of the aversive stimuli. Behavior occurs in advance of aversive stimulus. Must learn through escape first. TERM 35
Active Avoidance
DEFINITION 35 Any overt behavior that you're purposely doing to prevent aversive stimulus from occurring.
Passive Avoidance
Hold back a response to avoid an aversive event i.e. don't answer a phone call TERM 37
2 Types of Avoidance Procedures
DEFINITION 37
- Signalled 2. Unsignalled TERM 38
2 Factors that Affect Avoidance
Learning
DEFINITION 38
- Intensity 2. Length of time between signals that lead to fear and how/when aversive stimulus is reduced TERM 39
Punishment
DEFINITION 39 Procedure in which we see a decrease in behavior, and as you administer punishment, the likelihood that the behavior will occur again decreases. TERM 40
Response Cost
DEFINITION 40 When stimulus consequence is taken away, it is permanantly gone. i.e. being grounded from going to the prom
