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Jane is listening to a radio talk show host and decides she is going to follow the advice given out to someone else. You tell Jane she needs to follow this radio hosts advice cautiously, because this personality often takes a complicated, multifaceted construct, and speaks about it unidimensionally. TERM 2 Personality is generally a function of three broad influences that include DEFINITION 2 genetics, shared environmental factors, and nonshared environmental factors TERM 3 A strong conclusion about personality development, based on various studies of identical twins raised both together and apart, is that DEFINITION 3 shared environmental factors have, at best, only a small effect on adult personality. TERM 4 Jermaine argues that psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, and unconscious motivations influence our personality. Jermaine believes in the ___________ approach to personality. DEFINITION 4 psychoanalytic TERM 5 In purely Freudian psychoanalytic terms, the core assumptions of determinism and unconscious psychic motivation suggest DEFINITION 5 people have little free will
The pleasure principle drives the __________, whereas the reality principle drives the ________. id; ego TERM 7 In order, from birth onward, the stages of psychosexual development are DEFINITION 7 c. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. TERM 8
- Compared to strict Freudian approaches, the neo-Freudians shared Freuds idea of ___________, but differ in ____________. DEFINITION 8 c. unconscious influences on behavior; placing less emphasis on the central role of sexuality TERM 9
- Because radical behaviorist views of personality focus on contingencies in the environment, they rely heavily on the principles of DEFINITION 9 b. operant conditioning. TERM 10
- Justin always wears a helmet when riding a motorcycle. He knows that he can actively do something to keep himself safe. Justin must have a(n) ________ locus of control. DEFINITION 10 b. internal
- Andrzej has been asked by a potential new employer to complete the MBTI as part of his job application process. Andrzej should d. complete the test, then tactfully provide references to scientific sources to the personnel director, noting that the validity and reliability of this measure are questionable. TERM 17
- The Rorschach and the TAT are considered DEFINITION 17 b. projective techniques. TERM 18
- Janet is taking the TAT. She is looking at a series of DEFINITION 18 d. ambiguous-situation drawings. TERM 19
- Graphology, the psychological interpretation of handwriting, DEFINITION 19 a. has the lowest validity and reliability of all projective measures. TERM 20
- You are writing a review article that evaluates a new personality inventory. Based on a potential problem with all personality tests, you title your paper DEFINITION 20 d. Beware the P. T. Barnum Effect.
- Lorena likes to put Tabasco sauce on her ice cream. Her favorite dessert is vanilla ice cream with strawberries, smothered in hot sauce. Most people might consider Lorenas taste in desserts abnormal based on which criterion of abnormality? b. Statistical rarity TERM 22
- Which of the following was NOT an early medical treatment for mental illness? DEFINITION 22 b. Use of chlorpromazine TERM 23 v3. In the 1800s, slaves in the United States who repeatedly tried to escape their master were considered to be DEFINITION 23 c. mentally ill. TERM 24
- In the United States, one is more likely to experience _______________, whereas in Japan one would be more likely to experience ________________. DEFINITION 24 a. bulimia; koro TERM 25
- The criteria for validity of psychiatric diagnoses suggest that the diagnosis DEFINITION 25 d. predicts a persons performance on various assessments.
- Studies of biological influences on anxiety show that people with obsessive-compulsive disorder seem to have a particular problem with the neurotransmitter a. serotonin. TERM 32
- Approximately __________ % of people are likely to develop a mood disorder in their lifetime. DEFINITION 32 a. 20 TERM 33
- Jamal is depressed. To make it worse, he has isolated himself from his friends because he doesnt find any rewards in interacting with them. This isolation actually prolongs his depression. Jamals situation illustrates the _______________ model of depression. DEFINITION 33 c. behavioral TERM 34
- According to learned helplessness as described by Seligman, after several uncontrollable events in their life, people DEFINITION 34 c. just stop trying to effect changes and later fail to change controllable circumstances for the better. TERM 35
- Sophie has fluctuated between episodes of feeling sad and depressed, and at other times feeling energized and as if she can do anything. Sophie probably suffers from DEFINITION 35 b. bipolar disorder.
- Pam has been severely depressed for several weeks, to the point of not getting out of bed for several days at a time. With psychotherapy and medications her depression is lifting. This could be a warning sign that a. her risk of suicide is actually rising. TERM 37
- As long as Ernie lines his underwear with aluminum foil so that rays cannot penetrate to his skin, he is able to function fairly normally on a day-to-day basis. He does, however, need to wear long sleeves and pants and keep everything lined. His fear of rays reflects a DEFINITION 37 b. delusion. TERM 38
- Lottie has completely stopped bathing or taking care of herself. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia after a prolonged period of immobility. Although her doctor could freely move her limbs, she could not respond to his commands to move her limbs by herself. Lottie probably has the _______________ type of schizophrenia. DEFINITION 38 b. catatonic TERM 39
- In the movie Girl, Interrupted, the main characters behaviors showed an instability in mood, impulsivity, sexual promiscuity, and difficulty in controlling her emotions. She was (probably correctly) diagnosed with _______________ personality disorder. DEFINITION 39 borderline TERM 40
- Jadzia tells you that her life is difficult because she is constantly tempted by food, alcohol, and gambling. She tells you she has an addictive personality. You tell her that DEFINITION 40 d. she is incorrect; the research evidence for the existence of a specific addictive personality just cannot be demonstrated.
- Which of the following statements about drug therapy is TRUE? a. Most medications, while improving behavior, have many negative side effects. c. Medication without additional support and psychotherapy is likely to result in relapse. TERM 47
- Psychotherapy outcome studies suggest that DEFINITION 47 c. evidence supports the effectiveness of therapy. TERM 48
- Which of the following statements regarding psychoanalytic theory is TRUE? DEFINITION 48 c. By ignoring the falsifiabilty criterion, psychoanalytic theorizing contributes to an illusion of understanding. TERM 49
- Mike is a 19-year-old with a fear of bees. Whenever he sees a bee, even at a distance, he gets so anxious and afraid that he runs the other way. A therapist who sees Mikes problem as the result of learning DEFINITION 49 c. is a behavior therapist. TERM 50 Research studies dismantling the components of EMDR suggest its effectiveness is likely due to DEFINITION 50 a. exposure therapy.
- In a survey conducted by Consumer Reports, 90% of respondents believed they were helped by psychotherapy. Why are such client testimonials not the best source of evidence for the effectiveness of therapy? b. Because the study was not an experimental design, alternative explanations have not been ruled out. c. Individuals improvement could have been due to the placebo effect. TERM 52
- Alicia was having problems in relationships so she bought the self-help book, Change Your Life! The book claimed its techniques would change your life and encouraged readers to attend the seminar offered by the authors. Alicia has now attended several seminars and bought every book and DVD available from the authors. Now despite the fact that Alicia is still having relationship problems, she is convinced that the Change Your Life program is effective. What might explain Alicias thinking? DEFINITION 52 a. Her investment in time and money has resulted in her convincing herself it has worked. c. When we expect to change, we may adjust our memories of the past. TERM 53
- Lenita is afraid of flying. In therapy she is asked to create a hierarchy of stimuli related to flying that produce anxiety for her. She then learns relaxation techniques. The form of therapy Lenita is in is probably DEFINITION 53 c. systematic desensitization. TERM 54
- Of the following individuals, who would be most likely to benefit from Prozac? DEFINITION 54 a. Sharena feels she has little control over the bad things in her life, feels helpless, and worthless. TERM 55 Which of the following is NOT one of the key ingredients of effective psychotherapy? DEFINITION 55 a. Insight into the cause of ones problems
. conscious mind The contents of awarenessthose things that occupy the focus of ones current attention. TERM 62 denial DEFINITION 62 A defense mechanism characterized by the refusal to believe information that leads to anxiety. TERM 63 ego DEFINITION 63 In Freuds theory, the portion of personality that induces people to act with reason and deliberation and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world. TERM 64
- humanistic psychology DEFINITION 64 An approach to personality that focuses on peoples unique capacity for choice, responsibility, growth and self actulization. TERM 65 id DEFINITION 65 In Freuds theory, the portion of personality that is governed by inborn instinctual drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression.
- locus of control The amount of control that a person feels he or she has over the environment. TERM 67 personality DEFINITION 67 The distinguishing pattern of psychological characteristics thinking, feeling, and behavingthat differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across situations. TERM 68 rationalization DEFINITION 68 A defense mechanism in which one creates explanations to deal with threatening thoughts or actions. TERM 69 repression DEFINITION 69 A defense mechanism that individuals use, unknowingly, to push threatening or anxiety-producing thoughts, memories, and feelings out of conscious awareness. TERM 70
- self-actualization DEFINITION 70 The ingrained desire to reach ones true potential as a human being.
- dysfunction A breakdown in normal functioning; abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one from pursuing adaptive strategies. TERM 77
- generalized anxiety disorder DEFINITION 77 Excessive worrying, or free- floating anxiety, that lasts for at least 6 months and that cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source. TERM 78
- learned helplessness DEFINITION 78 A general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail in their attempts to control their environment; learned helplessness may play a role in depression. TERM 79
- major depressive episode DEFINITION 79 A type of severe mood disorder that can be characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms. TERM 80
- homeostasis DEFINITION 80 The process through which the body maintains a steady state, such as a constant internal temperature or an adequate amount of fluids.
