Download Final Exam Review | BIOL - Ecology 1 - Introduction and more Quizzes Ecology and Environment in PDF only on Docsity!
Selection Pressure
changes # of individuals of a certain trait ex. predator TERM 2
Obligate
Aerobes
DEFINITION 2 require oxygen for cell respiration TERM 3
obligate anaerobes
DEFINITION 3 poisoned by oxygen, use fermentation or anaerobic respiration TERM 4
Facultative Anaerobes
DEFINITION 4 survive with or without oxygen TERM 5
Pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause
disease by releasing ______ or _____.
DEFINITION 5 exotoxins: cause disease even if the prokaryote that produced them are not present endotoxins: are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down
Other uses for prokaryotes
-recovery of metals from ores -synthesis of vitamins - production of antibiotics, hormones, and other products TERM 7
evolution
DEFINITION 7 -similar species share common ancestor -all life connected through evolution -theory --> accepted as fact -change in frequency in population TERM 8
order of scientist:
DEFINITION 8 Linneaus Lamark Darwin Mendel Wallace TERM 9
Lamark
DEFINITION 9 1800's was wrong, but paved the way for Darwin recognized taht species changed over time **Use and disuse of parts **Aquired characteristics TERM 10
Mendel
DEFINITION 10 Father of genetics -Pea plants -determined different traits
Monophyletic vs Polyphyletic
Mono=all realated, one common ancestor Poly=multiple common ancestors TERM 17
Stromatolites
DEFINITION 17 clumbs of cyanobacteria which formed fossilized pillars TERM 18
Exceptions to Origin of Species
DEFINITION 18 Convergent & Divergent Evolution Convergent: 2 similar traits but no common ancestor Divergent: homologous traits (used for same purpose but different looking) TERM 19
Capsule
DEFINITION 19 provides protection cell covering allows organisms to resists defenses from host TERM 20
Fimbrae
DEFINITION 20 allows bacteria to adhere to eachother/other surfaces
Prokaryotic DNA
Ring of DNA not surrounded by membrane in nucleiod region TERM 22
Prokaryotic reproduction
DEFINITION 22 reproduce by binary fission every 1-3 hours short generation time TERM 23
Shapes of Prokaryotes (3)
DEFINITION 23 cocci= sphere bacilli= rods spirilli = spirals TERM 24
cell wall
DEFINITION 24 maintains shape, provides physical protection, prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic environments TERM 25
Peptidoglycan
DEFINITION 25 protein-sugar molecules network of sugar molecules crossed linked by polypeptide bonds
Fungi
decomposers (saprobe) TERM 32
Archaea
DEFINITION 32 more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria TERM 33
Extremophiles
DEFINITION 33 archaea in extreme environments halophiles= salinity thermophiles=temperature TERM 34
6 Kingdoms
DEFINITION 34 Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia TERM 35
Evidence that supports
Endosymbiosis
DEFINITION 35 mitochondria & chloroplasts are bacteria in size, form a double membrane, contain genetic material which is circular (like bacteria)
How many species are there? How many are
insects? How many new species each year?
1.5 million species identified more than 750,000 are insects (more than half) 1000's of new spp identified each year TERM 37
Modes of Speciation (2)
DEFINITION 37 Allopatric (physical boundaries) Sympatric (biological factors) both reduce gene flow TERM 38
When did photosynthesis evolve? What are
the 2 kinds?
DEFINITION 38 2.5 billion years ago anaerobic aerobic (more efficient) TERM 39
Endosymbiosis by..... is.....
DEFINITION 39 by Margolis advance eukaryotes arose from symbiotic relationships between various prokaryotes TERM 40
Reproductive Isolation (2 Kinds)
DEFINITION 40 prezygotic/postzygotic
Bioremediation
the use of organisms to remove pollutants from environment -prokaryotes are principal agents for this TERM 47
Phylogeny
DEFINITION 47 evolutionary history of life TERM 48
taxonomy
DEFINITION 48 classification and naming of species into hierarchical order TERM 49
prokaryotes evolved... (?YEARS)
DEFINITION 49 3.75 billion years TERM 50
Nutritional and metabolic adaptations (4)
DEFINITION 50 phototrophs= make ATP from light chemotrophs=make ATP from chemicals autotrophs=create their own food (decompose it) heterotrophs=aquire food from other sources
Natural Selection 5 Observations & 3
Inferences
- Tremendous Fecundity 2.Stable population sizes 3.Limited Environmental Resources I: 1-3 lead to different reproductive success 4. Variation among individuals within species I: natual selection 5. Heritability of some of this variation I: inference 2 leads to gradual change in population (increase of favored traits) TERM 52
The Architectural Patterns for organization of
animals:
DEFINITION 52
- Animal body planes 2. hierarchical organization of animal complexity 3. germ layers 4. developmental patterns 5. body cavities
