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Goals of Psychological
Research
- Describe a phenomenon - Make predictions about the phenomenon - Control the phenomenon to ask specific questions about it - Explain the phenomenon TERM 2
Left Hemisphere
DEFINITION 2 (verbal)analytical info, serial events, language, math TERM 3
Right Hemisphere
DEFINITION 3 (non-verbal)synthesis, putting things together, creativity, special tasks TERM 4
Split Brain Experiments
DEFINITION 4 (Sperry, 1966) (Gazzaniga, 1970) performed to treat forms of Epilepsy Corpus Callosum = large band of fibers connecting R/L Hemispheres -left hemisphere needs to explain events -right hemisphere recognizes faces HE ART What do you see? Art Point with left hand to word you saw: HE ART TERM 5
Central Nervous System (CNS)
DEFINITION 5 Brain + Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
part of nervous system outside CNS, including nerves attached to Brain + Spinal Cord TERM 7
Sensory Neurons
DEFINITION 7 (Afferent)detect change in external/internal environment, sends to CNS TERM 8
Motor Neurons
DEFINITION 8 (Efferent)within CNS, controls muscle contractions + gland secretions TERM 9
Interneurons
DEFINITION 9 entirely within CNS-Local: small pieces of info-Relay: connects regions TERM 10
2 Main Cell Types
DEFINITION 10
- Neurons2. Glial Cells
Glial Cells
"neuroglia"supporting cells, active in brain signaling TERM 17
Astrocytes
DEFINITION 17 (astroglia) GLIAL CELLS- release "gliotransmitters"-physical support for CNS - supply nutrients-phagocytosis (break down unwanted waster) TERM 18
Oligodendricites
DEFINITION 18 GLIAL CELLS -support neurons-create myelin TERM 19
Schwann Cells
DEFINITION 19 GLIAL CELLS -same as Oligodendricites, but for PNS-allows for regrowth TERM 20
Microglia
DEFINITION 20 GLIAL CELLS -immune system for CNS (attack any invading microorganism)-search CNS for damaged neurons, plaques, infectious agents-phagocytosis
Myelin
acts as insulation for axon and allows conduction around axons in vertebrae system-Weil stain TERM 22
Blood Brain Barrier
DEFINITION 22 -separates circulating blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)- regulates chemicals that can enter blood TERM 23
Area Postrema
DEFINITION 23 area where BBB is weak, detects toxins which initiates vomitting-near medulla TERM 24
Electrostatic Pressure
DEFINITION 24 repelling of similar charges to maintain resting potential( + repels + ), ( - repels - ) ( + attracts - ) TERM 25
Diffusion
DEFINITION 25 movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
EPSP &
IPSP
inhibitory hyperpolarization (IPSP) orexcitatory depolarization (EPSP) of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a NT by the terminal buttonIPSP: Cl- flows into celled opened by GABA fusing to Cl- channelsEPSP: (AcH)? TERM 32
Autoreceptors
DEFINITION 32 receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the NT released by that neuron-generally inhibitory-metabotropic TERM 33
Presynaptic Inhibition vs. Facilitation
DEFINITION 33 Inhibition reduces amount of NT released by postsynaptic terminal buttonsFacilitation increased release of NT TERM 34
Non-Synaptic Communication
DEFINITION 34 Neuromodulators: peptides - substance acts like NT, diffuses through EC fluid-endocannabinoids-opiates-nitric oxide TERM 35
Structure (Directions)
DEFINITION 35 -Dorsal-Rostral-Caudal-Ventral-Medial-Lateral-Ipsilateral- Contralateral
Brain Sectioning
Frontal, Coronal, or Cross-SectionHorizontal SectionSaggital SectionMidsaggital Section TERM 37
Meninges
DEFINITION 37 3 layers of tissue which encase the CNSDura Matter -> Arachnoid Membrane -> Subarachnoid Space -> Pia Matter -
Nervous System Tissue TERM 38
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
DEFINITION 38 Manufactured by choroid plexussimilar to blood plasmareduces weight of brain TERM 39
Ventricular System
DEFINITION 39 Lateral VentricalThird VentricalCerebral AqueductFourth VentricleChoroid Plexus TERM 40
Major Divisions of Brain
DEFINITION 40 Forebrain: telencephalon, diencephalonMidbrain: mesencephalonHindbrain: metencephalon, myelencephalon
Hypothalamus
"hormonal master gland"-4 F's-control of anterior + posterior pituitary glands TERM 47
Midbrain
DEFINITION 47 Cerebral Aqueduct (Ventricle)Mesencephalon (Subdivision)Contains: Tectum, TegmentumTectum: Inferior & Superior ColliculusTegmentum: Periaqueductal Gray Matter, Reticular Formation, Red Nucleus, Substantia Nigra TERM 48
Metencephalon
DEFINITION 48 Cerebellum: balance, coordinated movement (ballet)*Pons: "bridge" contains part of reticular formation, involved in sleep and arousal TERM 49
Myelencephalon
DEFINITION 49 Medulla Oblongata: contains part of reticular formation; vital functions such as cardiovascular system, respiration, and muscle tone TERM 50
Reticular Formation
DEFINITION 50 large network of neural tissue in central region of brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon-involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.
Spinal Cord
cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from medullaSpinal Roots: bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue, occurs in pairs, forms spinal nerveDorsal Roots: spinal root containing afferent sensory fibersVentral Roots: spinal root conatining efferent motor fibers -31 paired sets of dorsal/ventral rootsCauda Equina: bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord TERM 52
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
DEFINITION 52 Spinal Nerve: peripheral nerve attached to spinal cordDorsal Root Ganglion: a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons TERM 53
Cranial Nerves
DEFINITION 53 12 pairs of peripheral nerves attached directly to brainVagus Nerve: largest of cranial nerves ("wandering nerve") TERM 54
Autonomic Nervous System
DEFINITION 54 Sympathetic (fight or flight)Parasympathetic: relaxation w/ increases in body's supply of stored energy including salvation, gastric + intestinal motility, secretion of digestive juices, and increased blood flow to gastrointestinal system TERM 55
Development (E0-Fetus)
DEFINITION 55 Conception: (E0) embrionic day 0Zygote: (E0-E14) single cell formed by ovum and spermEmbryo: (E14-E63) cells in alignment; hollow fluid filled sphereFetus: (9weeks-birth)
Affinity
the readiness with which two molecules join together-high affinity produces effects at low doses TERM 62
Margin of Safety
DEFINITION 62 ED50: median effective doseLD50: median lethal doseTherapeutic Index: TI = LD/EDDrugs with lower ED= more potentDrugs with greater maximum effect is more effective (efficacy) TERM 63
Types of Tolerance
DEFINITION 63 1.MetabolicTolerance2. Cellular Tolerance3. Environmental Tolerance
