American Gov. Final study sheet
Chapter 7
De jure segregation -
Segregation mandated by law or official governmental policy
De facto segregation -
segregation of races or ethnic groups that occurs in society even though not caused by
law or official government policy
Busing -
is the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools in such a manner as to
redress prior racial segregation of schools, or to overcome the effects of residential
segregation on local school demographics.
Equal Protection Clause (14th Amendment) means:
1. Right not to be forced by authorities to attend a segregated school OR
2. Right to attend an integrated school.
Court:
Inter district busing not allowed if districts had not been created to promote segregation.
Affirmative Action.-
refers to policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, gender , or national
origin" into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group, usually as a
means to counter the effects of a history of discrimination. Admission to law schools –
racial “quotas.”
Women’s rights:
Own property; Vote; Equal Pay.
Women’s movement.
Modern feminism:
ERA (equal rights amendment)
and Stop ERA.
Equal admission to college athletics – Title IX.
Admission to military – VMI.
Intermediate Scrutiny adopted for sexual discrimination cases –
between Strict Scrutiny (race cases) and Rational-Basis Test (more lenient – Court less
likely to strike down law).
Age Discrimination.
Illegal for an employer to fail to hire or refuse or to discharge any individual or otherwise
discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or
privileges of employment, because of such individual’s age
Americans with Disabilities Act
– ADA. “reasonable accommodations.”
wheel chair access, and stuff for people who are disabled
