Download Final | PSY 8312 - Core Course in Cognitive Psychology and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
attribution substitution
a strategy used when we do not have easy access to a desired piece of info. instead, we base our decision on readily available info TERM 2
heuristics
DEFINITION 2 enabling a person to discover or learn something for themselves TERM 3
availability heuristic
DEFINITION 3 based on examples easily called to mind and frequency of events you recall(may lead us to believe that we always do the housework ourselves)(may lead us to think that more deaths are caused by crimes or accidents than by disease when in reality, more deaths are caused by disease) TERM 4
a gambler's fallacy
DEFINITION 4 every coin toss is independent, so odds of heads is .5 on every toss regardless of how many heads have come up previously. Gamblers fallacy is based on the misconception that the entire set of tosses should be .5 heads, so the more heads have come up in previous tosses, the higher the likelihood of tails coming up next TERM 5
inductive reasoning
DEFINITION 5 one seeks to draw general claims from specific bits of evidence, drawing a general conclusion based on pervious observations and experience (relies on memory) (bottom-up logic)
deductive reasoning
logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true (top-down logic) TERM 7
covariation
DEFINITION 7 a relationship between two variables such that the presence or magnitude of one can be predicted by that of the other TERM 8
positive covariation
DEFINITION 8 as values of one variable increases so does the other (as exercise increases so does physical stamina) AND as one decreases so does the other TERM 9
negative covariation
DEFINITION 9 as values of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases (as drinking alcohol goes up, safe driving ability goes down) TERM 10
illusory covariation
DEFINITION 10 seeing patterns where there are none and relationships where there are none
utility theory
people make decisions by calculating the expected value of each of their options (think of sales)all X are Ysome A are XTherefore, some A are Y TERM 17
syllogisms
DEFINITION 17 logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion, can be valid or invalid TERM 18
belief bias
DEFINITION 18 if the syllogisms conclusion is something people already believe to be true, they are more likely to judge the conclusion as following from the premises TERM 19
abstract concepts
DEFINITION 19 abstract concepts an object that does not exist such as a broad idea (redness-abstract, the red coloring of an apple- concrete) TERM 20
concrete premises
DEFINITION 20 specific ideas (tennis-abstract, a tennis match-concrete)
problem space
the set of all states that can be reaches in solving a problem, as one moves, by means of operators, from the initial state towards the goal state TERM 22
problem solving heuristic
DEFINITION 22 a strategy that guides a search through the problem space (more efficient, less accurate) TERM 23
hill-climing strategy
DEFINITION 23 consistently choosing the option that gets you a step closer to your goal (not always a good strategy) TERM 24
means-end analysis
DEFINITION 24 asking what ways do I have to get from my current state to the goal state? what are the options based on my skills, etc? TERM 25
working backwards
DEFINITION 25 thinking about the goal first and going backwards to your current state (pond problem)
ill-defined problems
the goal state and the available operators are not clearly specified TERM 32
well-defined problems
DEFINITION 32 the goal state as well as the available operators are clearly specified TERM 33
functional fixedness
DEFINITION 33 refers to a tendency to be rigid in thinking about an objects function TERM 34
einstelling
DEFINITION 34 (attitude) refers to a problem-solvers perspective, including beliefs, habits, and strategies TERM 35
problem-solving
set
DEFINITION 35 the collection of beliefs and assumptions a person makes about a problem
wallace's 4 stage theory
preparation, incubation (know that evidence for taking a break from the problem is mixed), illumination (what do the data show about aha moments?) TERM 37
research by weisberg and
others
DEFINITION 37 shows creative problem-solving uses the same mental tools, strategies, and cognitive processes as everyday problem solving. the end products are different but the underlying process is the same TERM 38
consensus definition
DEFINITION 38 general agreement TERM 39
fluid intelligence
DEFINITION 39 the ability to deal with new and unusual problems (drops with age) TERM 40
crystallized intelligence
DEFINITION 40 acquired knowledge, including your verbal knowledge and your experience (improves with age)
representativeness heuristic
an example of attribute substitutionpeople often assume when making a judgments about a member of a categorythink of gamblers fallacygeneralization TERM 47
anchoring
DEFINITION 47 the tendency to use the first-available estimate as a reference point or anchor for the final estimate, has the greatest influence on the final estimate TERM 48
pragmatic reasoning
schema
DEFINITION 48 set of rules derived from experience that define the inferences appropriate to a specific situationthese schemas involve "permission" or "cause and effect" relations TERM 49
necessary condition
DEFINITION 49 "if jacob passed his driver's test, then it's legal for him to drive" TERM 50
sufficient condition
DEFINITION 50 "if solomon is eligible for jury duty, then he is over 21"
reason-based choice
the idea that people make a decision only when they detect what they believe to be a persuasive reason for making that choicee TERM 52
emotions and decision making
DEFINITION 52 emotions play a role in decision making through what might be called affective heuristics. this causes the feeling of dread, regret, or anticipation TERM 53
somatic markers where and
what
DEFINITION 53 orbitofrontal cortex, body states like a tight stomach or a fast heart rate - when making a decision TERM 54
WAIS subtests
DEFINITION 54 general knowledge, vocal, comprehension, perceptual reasoning, visual puzzles TERM 55
hierarchial conception
DEFINITION 55 Tasks from two different categories say, a verbal task and a task requiring arithmeticare correlated because, no matter how different these tasks seem, they do have something in common: They both draw on g
causal attribution errors
the interpretations of what caused our thoughts or behavior"this name seems familiar, so it must be someone famous""the face seems familiar, so it must be the person who robbed me" TERM 62
implicit memory
DEFINITION 62 accompanied by no conscious realization that one is being influences by past experience TERM 63
action slips
DEFINITION 63 we can perform tasks unconsciously if we have an established routine that can be guided by habitwhen trying to do something different, you end up doing what is normal such as driving to school when you intended to go to the store TERM 64
neural correlate
DEFINITION 64 an event in the nervous system that occurs at the same time as, and may be the biological basis or, a specific mental event or state TERM 65
anterior cingulate gyrus
DEFINITION 65 active for detecting conflicts in brain systems (stroop)
qualia
the subjective experience of something and cannot be conveyed TERM 67
identity theory
DEFINITION 67 mind holds that state and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain
