Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Moral Philosophy: Utilitarianism, Hedonism, Ethical Development, and Virtue, Quizzes of Ethics

An overview of various moral philosophies, including utilitarianism, hedonism, and the ethical development theories of kohlberg and gilligan. Topics covered include the definitions and developers of these philosophies, as well as real-life dilemmas and objections. Students will gain a deeper understanding of these moral theories and their implications.

Typology: Quizzes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 12/03/2012

jmo1012
jmo1012 🇺🇸

12 documents

1 / 5

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
TERM 1
Utilitarianism
DEFINITION 1
Developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Morality is not about pleasing god or about being
faithful to rules, but is about making the world as
happy as possible
Morality of an action depends solely on the
consequences of that action
The actions consequences ma tter only insofar as
they involve the greater or les ser happiness of
individuals
In the assessment of consequ ences, each individuals
happiness gets equal conside ration
TERM 2
Hedonism
DEFINITION 2
Pleasure is the one ultimate good, and pain the one
ultimate evil.
Happiness is pleasure
TERM 3
Heinzs Dilemma
DEFINITION 3
Used by Kohlberg to understan d the moral development
of children
Heinzs wife is near death; on ly hope is a drug that a
pharmacist is selling for $2,00 0 (and only costs $200 to
make); Heinz considered stealing the drug.
From this, Kohlberg concluded there are 6 stages of
moral development
TERM 4
Gilligans
Objection
DEFINITION 4
Objected to Kohlbergs underst anding of Jake and Amy
(the two prime examples used by Kohlberg in the
Heinzs Dilemma.
Gilligan does not feel that Amy s way was inferior
Jakes response will be judged at a higher level only if
one assumes that an ethic of principle is superior to an
ethic of intimacy and caring.
The male way of thinking abs tracts away the details
that give each situation its special flavor.
TERM 5
Categorical Imperative
DEFINITION 5
Developed by Kant
Act only according to that maxim by w hich you can at the same time
will that i should become a universal la w.
Act so that you treat humanity, wheth er in your own person or in
that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.
Provides a way to tell whether an act i s morally permissible
When thinking about doing somethin g, ask whether you would be
willing for the rest of the world to do th at same thing.
Treating as an end = treating them w ell, with respect
Treating as a means = taking advanta ge of them, using them
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Moral Philosophy: Utilitarianism, Hedonism, Ethical Development, and Virtue and more Quizzes Ethics in PDF only on Docsity!

Utilitarianism

Developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill Morality is not about pleasing god or about being faithful to rules, but is about making the world as happy as possible Morality of an action depends solely on the consequences of that action The actions consequences matter only insofar as they involve the greater or lesser happiness of individuals In the assessment of consequences, each individuals happiness gets equal consideration TERM 2

Hedonism

DEFINITION 2

Pleasure is the one ultimate good, and pain the one

ultimate evil.

Happiness is pleasure

TERM 3

Heinzs Dilemma

DEFINITION 3 Used by Kohlberg to understand the moral development of children Heinzs wife is near death; only hope is a drug that a pharmacist is selling for $2,000 (and only costs $200 to make); Heinz considered stealing the drug. From this, Kohlberg concluded there are 6 stages of moral development TERM 4

Gilligans

Objection

DEFINITION 4 Objected to Kohlbergs understanding of Jake and Amy (the two prime examples used by Kohlberg in the Heinzs Dilemma. Gilligan does not feel that Amys way was inferior Jakes response will be judged at a higher level only if one assumes that an ethic of principle is superior to an ethic of intimacy and caring. The male way of thinking abstracts away the details that give each situation its special flavor. TERM 5

Categorical Imperative

DEFINITION 5 Developed by Kant Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that i should become a universal law. Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. Provides a way to tell whether an act is morally permissible When thinking about doing something, ask whether you would be willing for the rest of the world to do that same thing. Treating as an end = treating them well, with respect Treating as a means = taking advantage of them, using them

Virtue

Conceived by Aristotle by asking What traits of

character make someone a good person?

A commendable trait of character manifested in

habitual action.

TERM 7

Retributivism- Pg. 141

DEFINITION 7 Retributive justice is a theory of justice that considers that punishment, if proportionate, is a morally acceptable response to crime, with an eye to the satisfaction and psychological benefits it can bestow to the aggrieved party, its intimates and society. People should be punished simply because they have committed crimes and no other reason Punishment should be proportionate to the TERM 8

Jeremy Bentham - Pg. 98

DEFINITION 8

Utilitarian

Requires us in all circumstances to produce the

most happiness that we can

TERM 9

Sigmund Freud

DEFINITION 9 1856 - 1939 Utilitarian Requires us in all circumstances to produce the most happiness that we can Exemplified utilitarian by justifying his suicide by arguing his death would make more people happy, including himself TERM 10

Harry Truman

DEFINITION 10 1884 - 1972 Categorical Imperative CI- Act only according to that maximum by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. The bomb was dropped in hopes that it would end the war, it might not have.

1c) What is Kants categorical imperative (the

two types) and how do they compliment

Anscombes theory?

Type 1: Hypothetical imperatives (oughts) They tell us what to do provided that we have the relevant desires If you want to be a better chess player, you ought to practice A person who did not want to improve her chess would have to reason to study it Type 2: Categorical (oughts) These are moral obligations that are not dependant on particular desires It is not: you ought to help people if you care about them; but you should help people no matter what Anscombs theory is very absolute. She says that under no circumstances should we do certain things TERM 17

1d) What is Kants argument on lying and why

was Anscombe critical of it?

DEFINITION 17 Lying, under any circumstance, is the obliteration of ones dignity as a human being. We should do only those actions that conform to rules that we could will to be adopted universally She disagreed with the reason If you were to lie, you would be following the rule It is okay to lie. If you lied to save someones life, that could become a universal rule TERM 18

3a) What is virtue?

DEFINITION 18 Conceived by Aristotle by asking What traits of character make someone a good person? A commendable trait of character manifested in habitual action. A trait of character, manifested in habitual action, that is good for anyone to have virtues are important because the virtuous person will fare better in life TERM 19

3b) List and describe four of the virtues to

include distinct characteristics of each.

DEFINITION 19 Courage: between the extreme of cowardice and foolhardiness Generosity: between stinginess and extravagance the stingy person gives too little, the extravagant gives to much Honesty: Does not lie. Loyalty to friends and family: Friendship is essential to the good life TERM 20

3c) What are two advantages of virtue ethics?

DEFINITION 20 Moral Motivation: Rather than emphasize right vs wrong, we could prioritize personal values and qualities. Doubts about the ideal of impartiality: VE provides us with a broad set of virtues, some of which are partial, and others are not. Thus, we can apply certain virtues to certain situations without feeling the need to have a one-size fits all moral standard.

4a) What were Kants core ideas regarding

people versus animals?

Humans occupy a special place in creation Other animals have value only insofar as they serve human purpose because people have desires, mere things have value only insofar as they promote human ends animals are too primitive to have desires and goals, therefore they are mere things. TERM 22

4b) What is the difference between treating a

person as an ends or as means?

DEFINITION 22 treat people as an end means treating them well we may not manipulate or use people if you need a loan, but cant replay it, dont take a loan Treat people as a means is to use them for your own advantage although, it is okay to use someone as a means, such as a plumber TERM 23

4c) How do utilitarians justify punishment?

DEFINITION 23 punishment can be justified only if it does enough good to outweigh the bad punishment provides comfort and gratification to victims and their families by locking up criminals, we keep them off the street, causing fewer crimes punishment reduces crime by deterring would-be criminals well-designed system of punishment might help to rehabilitate wrongdoers TERM 24

4d) What is Kants perspective on

punishment?

DEFINITION 24 Rehabilitation is just an attempt to mold people into what we want them to be, it violates their right to decide for themselves what sort of people they will be. people should be punished simply because they have committed crimes, and for no other reason punishment should be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime if the guilty are not punished, justice is not tone,